2. The human body is composed of many innate feedback and feed-forward control loops. For example, insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas to regulate the blood glucose concentration. The pancreas in a type I (insulin dependent) diabetic has lost the ability to produce significant insulin. An insulin-dependent diabetic must monitor her/his blood glucose (accurate blood glucose strips have been on the market for years) and provide insulin injections several times per day. It is particularly important to use knowledge of the meal characteristics to determine the amount of insulin necessary to compensate for the glucose. a. Discuss the actions taken by a type I diabetic in terms of the formulation of a control problem. State the objectives and list all variables, etc. b. It is desirable to form an automated closed-loop system, using a continuous blood glucose measurement and a continuous insulin infusion pump. Draw a "process and instrumentation" diagram and the corresponding control block diagram
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In terms of the formulation of a control problem, a type I diabetic must regulate their blood glucose concentration by monitoring it and providing insulin injections. The objectives are to maintain a stable blood glucose level and avoid complications due to high Show more…
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Adi S.
Part 2: Activity of Different Forms of Insulin People with type 1 diabetes may want to take different forms of insulin (Figure 2). For example, rapid-acting insulin could be taken right before a meal to respond to the increase in blood glucose concentration due to eating. This type of insulin is often taken in combination with longer-acting insulin that responds to smaller glucose fluctuations over the course of a day. This change produces the activity profile for insulin detemir shown in the graph in Figure 2 in two ways. First, the formation of dihexamers and stabilization of hexamers caused by this change will decrease the rate of insulin monomer formation. Second, the interaction between insulin monomers and serum proteins will activate the insulin monomers, maintaining the concentration of active insulin monomers in the blood at any time. Then, as the insulin and serum proteins dissociate over time, more active insulin will become available. Figure 2. The action of different types of insulin generated by scientists compared to regular insulin. The period of time over which each type of insulin is active is shown on the x-axis. The activity level of each type of insulin is shown on the y-axis.
Madhur L.
muscles hypoglycemia glucose triglycerides pancreas glucose transporters noncarbohydrate sources glycogen insulin high-protein meal hormones ketone bodies epinephrine carbohydrate-heavy meal glucagon liver 1. After eating a , blood glucose levels rise. 2. Glucagon and insulin are examples of chemical messengers called . 3. Insulin is produced in and released from the . 4. In response to insulin or glucagon, either glycogenesis or gluconeogenesis, respectively will take place in the . 5. Glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver and in . 6. The body can either use for energy, convert it to glycogen, or store it as fat. 7. occurs when blood glucose level drops below 70 mg/dl. 8. As part of the response to increased blood glucose after a meal, insulin triggers the number of on the cell membranes in the body to be increased. 9. is a key hormone produced by the pancreas that plays a key role in regulating blood glucose levels after a meal. 10. is the storage form of glucose in the liver and muscles of humans and animals. 11. Glucose is converted to for storage in fat tissue. 12. is a key hormone produced by the pancreas that plays an important role in regulating blood glucose levels during times of fasting. 13. Gluconeogenesis in the liver results in the conversion of to glucose.
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