Which statement below is true? A. Increased AMP concentrations in the cell would suppress autophagy in the cell. B. Cyclic AMP activity can increase fatty acid oxidation in an AMPK/PGC-1a dependent manner. C. The cyclic AMP signaling pathway is only active during exercise. D. All the above are true.
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1- Which of the following is TRUE about the protein, HIF1-α (choose ALL that apply)? a- It does not undergo hydroxylation when oxygen levels are low. b- It is ubiquitinated when oxygen levels are normal. c- It functions as a transcription factor when oxygen levels are low. d- It is bound by the protein, Keap1 when oxygen levels are normal. Which of the following is true about the nucleotide binding sites within AMPK (choose ALL that apply)?: a- Site 3 can bind either ATP or ADP. b- Site 4 is occupied by AMP only under severe stress conditions. c- AMPK's kinase activity is highest when Site 1 is occupied by AMP. d- AMPK's kinase domain is located within Site 2. 3- The protein, ____________ acts as a 'sensor' for ________ due to the presence of several __________ residues that become ___________ during ___________. a- HIF alpha; proline amino acids; hydroxylated; hypoxia b- AMPK; low ATP levels; cysteine amino acids; phosphorylated; oxidative stress c- Keap1; ROS; cysteine amino acids; oxidized; oxidative stress d- None of the above. 4- When ATP levels are low, the enzyme, ___________ converts _________ to ____________. a- AMPK; ATP; AMP + 2ADP b- Adenylate kinase; 2ADP; 2ATP c- TOR; AMP; ADP d- Adenylate kinase; 2ADP; ATP + AMP
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Caffeine inhibits 3', 5'-cAMP phosphodiesterase, which converts cAMP to AMP. Which of the following effects would be observed if cells were treated with caffeine? A. Decreased activity of protein kinase A B. Decreased activity of phosphorylase kinase C. Decreased activity of glycogen synthetase D. All of the above
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Adrenaline stimulates glycogen breakdown in skeletal muscle cells by ultimately activating glycogen phosphorylase, the enzyme that breaks down glycogen. Which of the following statements below is false? a. A constitutively active mutant form of PKA in skeletal muscle cells would lead to a decrease in the amount of unphosphorylated phosphorylase kinase. b. A constitutively active mutant form of PKA in skeletal muscle cells would not increase the affinity of adrenaline for the adrenergic receptor. c. A constitutively active mutant form of PKA in skeletal muscle cells would lead to an excess in the amount of glycogen available. d. A constitutively active mutant form of PKA in skeletal muscle cells would increase the amount of phosphorylated glycogen phosphorylase. e. A constitutively active mutant form of PKA in skeletal muscle cells would lead to an excess in the amount of glucose available.
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