Chemistry: Structure and Properties

Nivaldo Tro

Chapter 10

Gases - all with Video Answers

Educators

+ 15 more educators

Chapter Questions

Problem 1

What are the basic postulates of kinetic molecular theory? How does the concept of pressure follow from kinetic molecular theory?

Kevin Chimex

Kevin Chimex

Numerade Educator

Problem 2

What is pressure? What causes pressure?

ES

Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 3

How does pressure change as a function of altitude?

Kevin Chimex

Numerade Educator

Problem 4

Explain the risks associated with uncontrolled decompression.

ES

Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 5

What are the common units of pressure? List them in order of smallest to largest unit.

Kevin Chimex

Numerade Educator

Problem 6

What is a manometer? How does it measure the pressure of a sample of gas?

ES

Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 7

Summarize each of the simple gas laws (Boyle's law, Charles's law, and Avogadro's law). For each law, explain the relationship between the two variables it addresses and also state which variables must be kept constant.

Kevin Chimex

Numerade Educator

Problem 8

Explain the source of ear pain experienced due to a rapid change in altitude.

ES

Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 9

Why must scuba divers never hold their breath as they ascend to the surface?

Kevin Chimex

Numerade Educator

Problem 10

Why is the second story of a house usually warmer than the ground story?

ES

Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 11

Explain why hot-air balloons float above the ground.

Kevin Chimex

Numerade Educator

Problem 12

What is the ideal gas law? Why is it useful?

ES

Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 13

Explain how the ideal gas law contains within it the simple gas laws (show an example).

Kevin Chimex

Numerade Educator

Problem 14

Define molar volume and give its value for a gas at STP.

ES

Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 15

How does the density of a gas depend on temperature? Pressure? How does it depend on the molar mass of the gas?

Kevin Chimex

Numerade Educator

Problem 16

What is partial pressure? What is the relationship between the partial pressures of each gas in a sample and the total pressure of gas in the sample?

ES

Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 17

Explain how Boyle's law, Charles's law, Avogadro's law, and Dalton's law all follow from kinetic molecular theory.

Kevin Chimex

Numerade Educator

Problem 18

Why do deep-sea divers breathe a mixture of helium and oxygen?

ES

Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 19

When a gas is collected over water, is the gas pure? Why or why not? How can the partial pressure of the collected gas be determined?

Kevin Chimex

Numerade Educator

Problem 20

How is the kinetic energy of a gas related to temperature? How is the root mean square velocity of a gas related to its molar mass?

ES

Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 21

Describe how perfume molecules travel from the bottle to your nose. What is mean free path?

Kevin Chimex

Numerade Educator

Problem 22

Explain the difference between diffusion and effusion. How is the effusion rate of a gas related to its molar mass?

ES

Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 23

If a reaction occurs in the gas phase at STP, the mass of a product can be determined from the volumes of reactants. Explain.

Kevin Chimex

Numerade Educator

Problem 24

Deviations from the ideal gas law are often observed at high pressure and low temperature. Explain this in light of kinetic molecular theory.

ES

Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 25

The pressure in Denver, Colorado (elevation 5280 ft or 1600 m), averages about 24.9 in Hg. Convert this pressure to
a. atm
b. mmHg
c. psi
d. Pa

Kevin Chimex

Numerade Educator

Problem 26

The pressure on top of Mount Everest (29,029 ft or 8848 m) averages about 235 mmHg. Convert this pressure to
a. torr
b. psi
c. in Hg
d. atm

PR

Pratik Roy

University of Florida

Problem 27

The North American record for highest recorded barometric pressure is 31.85 in Hg, set in 1989 in Northway, Alaska. Convert this pressure to:
a. mmHg
b. atm
c. torr
d. kPa (kilopascals)

PR

Pratik Roy

University of Florida

Problem 28

The world record for lowest pressure (at sea level) was 652.5 mmHg recorded inside Typhoon Tip on October 12, 1979, in the western Pacific Ocean. Convert this pressure to:
a. torr
b. atm
c. in Hg
d. psi

ES

Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 29

If the barometric pressure is 762.4 mmHg, what is the pressure of the gas sample shown in each illustration?

Aparna Shakti

Numerade Educator

Problem 30

If the barometric pressure is 751.5 mmHg, what is the pressure of the gas sample shown in each illustration?

ES

Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 31

A sample of gas has an initial volume of 5.6 L at a pressure of 735mmHg. If the volume of the gas is increased to 9.4 L, what is its pressure?

Kevin Chimex

Numerade Educator

Problem 32

A sample of gas has an initial volume of 13.9 L at a pressure of 1.22 atm. If the sample is compressed to a volume of 10.3 L, what is its pressure?

ES

Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 33

A 48.3-mL sample of gas in a cylinder is warmed from 22 C to 87 C. What is its volume at the final temperature?

Anjali Kurse

Numerade Educator

Problem 34

A syringe containing 1.55 mL of oxygen gas is cooled from 95.3 C to 0.0 C. What is the final volume of oxygen gas?

ES

Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 35

A balloon contains 0.158 mol of gas and has a volume of 2.46 L. If we add 0.113 mol of gas to the balloon (at the same temperature and pressure), what is its final volume?

Kevin Chimex

Numerade Educator

Problem 36

A cylinder with a moveable piston contains 0.553 mol of gas and has a volume of 253 mL. What is its volume if we add 0.365 mol of gas to the cylinder? (Assume constant temperature and pressure.)

ES

Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 37

What volume does 0.118 mol of helium gas at a pressure of 0.97atm and a temperature of 305 K occupy? Would the volume be different if the gas was argon (under the same conditions)?

Anthony Han

Numerade Educator

Problem 38

What volume does 12.5 g of argon gas at a pressure of 1.05 atm and a temperature of 322 K occupy? Would the volume be different if the sample were 12.5 g of helium (under identical conditions)?

ES

Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 39

What is the pressure in a 10.0-L cylinder filled with 0.448 mol of nitrogen gas at a temperature of 315 K?

Kevin Chimex

Numerade Educator

Problem 40

What is the pressure in a 15.0-L cylinder filled with 32.7 g of oxygen gas at a temperature of 302 K?

ES

Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 41

A cylinder contains 28.5 L of oxygen gas at a pressure of 1.8 atm and a temperature of 298 K. How much gas (in moles) is in the cylinder?

Kevin Chimex

Numerade Educator

Problem 42

What is the temperature of 0.52 mol of gas at a pressure of 1.3atm and a volume of 11.8 L?

ES

Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 43

An automobile tire has a maximum rating of 38.0 psi (gauge pressure). The tire is inflated (while cold) to a volume of 11.8 L and a gauge pressure of 36.0 psi at a temperature of 12.0 C. When the car is driven on a hot day, the tire warms to 65.0 C and its volume expands to 12.2 L. Does the pressure in the tire exceed its maximum rating? (Note: The gauge pressure is the difference between the total pressure and atmospheric pressure. In this case, assume that atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psi.)

Kevin Chimex

Numerade Educator

Problem 44

A weather balloon is inflated to a volume of 28.5 L at a pressure of 748 mmHg and a temperature of 28.0 C. The balloon rises in the atmosphere to an altitude of approximately 25,000 ft, where the pressure is 385 mmHg and the temperature is -15.0 C. Assuming the balloon can freely expand, calculate the volume of the balloon at this altitude.

ES

Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 45

A piece of dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) with a mass of 28.8 g sublimes (converts from solid to gas) into a large balloon. Assuming that all of the carbon dioxide ends up in the balloon, what is the volume of the balloon at a temperature of 22 C and a pressure of 742 mmHg?

Chareen Guzman

Numerade Educator

Problem 46

A 1.0-L container of liquid nitrogen is kept in a closet measuring 1.0 m by 1.0 m by 2.0 m. Assuming that the container is completely full, that the temperature is 25.0 C, and that the atmospheric pressure is 1.0 atm, calculate the percent (by volume) of air that is displaced if all of the liquid nitrogen evaporates. (Liquid nitrogen has a density of 0.807 g>mL.)

ES

Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 47

A wine-dispensing system uses argon canisters to pressurize and preserve wine in the bottle. An argon canister for the system has a volume of 55.0 mL and contains 26.0 g of argon. Assuming
ideal gas behavior, what is the pressure in the canister at 295 K? When the argon is released from the canister, it expands to fill the wine bottle. How many 750.0-mL wine bottles can be purged
with the argon in the canister at a pressure of 1.20 atm and a temperature of 295 K?

Dan Ni

Numerade Educator

Problem 48

Pressurized carbon dioxide inflators can be used to inflate a bicycle tire in the event of a flat. These inflators use metal cartridges that contain 16.0 g of carbon dioxide. At 298 K, to what gauge pressure (in psi) can the carbon dioxide in the cartridge inflate a 3.45-L mountain bike tire? (Note: The gauge pressure is the difference between the total pressure and atmospheric pressure. In this case, assume that atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psi.)

ES

Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 49

Which gas sample illustrated here has the greatest pressure?Assume that all the samples are at the same temperature.
Explain.

Aparna Shakti

Numerade Educator

Problem 50

This picture represents a sample of gas at a pressure of 1 atm, a volume of 1 L, and a temperature of 25 C. Draw a similar picture showing what would happen to the sample if the volume were reduced to 0.5 L and the temperature were increased to 250 C. What would happen to the pressure?

ES

Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 51

Aerosol cans carry clear warnings against incineration because of the high pressures that can develop if they are heated. Suppose that a can contains a residual amount of gas at a pressure of 755mm Hg and a temperature of 25 C. What would the pressure be if the can were heated to 1155 C?

Kevin Chimex

Numerade Educator

Problem 52

A sample of nitrogen gas in a 1.75-L container exerts a pressure of 1.35 atm at 25 C. What is the pressure if the volume of the container is maintained constant and the temperature is raised to 355 C?

ES

Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 53

Use the molar volume of a gas at STP to determine the volume (inL) occupied by 33.6 g of neon at STP.

Kevin Chimex

Numerade Educator

Problem 54

Use the molar volume of a gas at STP to calculate the density (in g>L) of nitrogen gas at STP.

ES

Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 55

What is the density (in g>L) of hydrogen gas at 20.0 C and a pressure of 1655 psi?

Kevin Chimex

Numerade Educator

Problem 56

A sample of N2O gas has a density of 2.85 g>L at 298 K. What is the pressure of the gas (in mmHg)?

ES

Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 57

A 248-mL gas sample has a mass of 0.433 g at a pressure of 745mmHg and a temperature of 28 C. What is the molar mass of the gas?

Kevin Chimex

Numerade Educator

Problem 58

A 113-mL gas sample has a mass of 0.171 g at a pressure of 721mmHg and a temperature of 32 C. What is the molar mass of the gas?

ES

Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 59

A sample of gas has a mass of 38.8 mg. Its volume is 224 mL at a temperature of 55 C and a pressure of 886 torr. Find the molar mass of the gas.

Kevin Chimex

Numerade Educator

Problem 60

A sample of gas has a mass of 0.555 g. Its volume is 117 mL at a temperature of 85 C and a pressure of 753 mmHg. Find the molar mass of the gas.

ES

Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 61

A gas mixture contains each of these gases at the indicated partial pressures: N2, 215 torr; O2, 102 torr; and He, 117 torr. What is the total pressure of the mixture? What mass of each gas is present in a 1.35-L sample of this mixture at 25.0 C?

Dan Ni

Numerade Educator

Problem 62

A gas mixture with a total pressure of 745 mmHg contains each of these gases at the indicated partial pressures: CO2, 125 mmHg; Ar, 214 mmHg; and O2, 187 mmHg. The mixture also contains helium gas. What is the partial pressure of the helium gas? What mass of helium gas is present in a 12.0-L sample of this mixture at 273 K?

ES

Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 63

We add a 1.20-g sample of dry ice to a 755-mL flask containing nitrogen gas at a temperature of 25.0 C and a pressure of 725mmHg. The dry ice sublimes (converts from solid to gas) and the mixture returns to 25.0 C. What is the total pressure in the flask?

Christopher Nilsen

Christopher Nilsen

Numerade Educator

Problem 64

A 275-mL flask contains pure helium at a pressure of 752 torr. Asecond flask with a volume of 475 mL contains pure argon at a pressure of 722 torr. If the two flasks are connected through a stopcock and the stopcock is opened, what is the partial pressure of each gas and the total pressure?

ES

Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 65

A gas mixture contains 1.25 g N2 and 0.85 g O2 in a 1.55-L container at 18 C. Calculate the mole fraction and partial pressure of each component in the gas mixture.

Tracy Tourville

Tracy Tourville

Numerade Educator

Problem 66

What is the mole fraction of oxygen gas in air (see Table 10.2)?
What volume of air contains 10.0 g of oxygen gas at 273 K and 1.00 atm?

ES

Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 67

The hydrogen gas formed in a chemical reaction is collected over water at 30.0 C at a total pressure of 732 mmHg. What is the partial pressure of the hydrogen gas collected in this way? If the total volume of gas collected is 722 mL, what mass of hydrogen gas is collected?

Kevin Chimex

Numerade Educator

Problem 68

The air in a bicycle tire is bubbled through water and collected at 25 C. If the total volume of gas collected is 5.45 L at a temperature of 25 C and a pressure of 745 torr, how many moles of gas were in the bicycle tire?

ES

Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 69

The zinc within a copper-plated penny will dissolve in hydrochloric acid if the copper coating is filed down in several spots (so that the hydrochloric acid can get to the zinc). The reaction between the
acid and the zinc is 2 H+(aq) + Zn(s)H2(g) + Zn2+(aq). When the zinc in a certain penny dissolves, the total volume of gas collected over water at 25 C is 0.951 L at a total pressure of 748 mmHg. What mass of hydrogen gas is collected?

Anand Jangid

Numerade Educator

Problem 70

A heliox deep-sea diving mixture contains 2.0 g of oxygen to every 98.0 g of helium. What is the partial pressure of oxygen when this mixture is delivered at a total pressure of 8.5 atm?

ES

Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 71

Consider a 1.0-L sample of helium gas and a 1.0-L sample of argon gas, both at room temperature and atmospheric pressure.
a. Do the atoms in the helium sample have the same average kinetic energy as the atoms in the argon sample?
b. Do the atoms in the helium sample have the same average velocity as the atoms in the argon sample?
c. Do the argon atoms, because they are more massive, exert a greater pressure on the walls of the container? Explain.
d. Which gas sample has the faster rate of effusion?

David Collins

Numerade Educator

Problem 72

A flask at room temperature contains exactly equal amounts (in moles) of nitrogen and xenon.
a. Which of the two gases exerts the greater partial pressure?
b. The molecules or atoms of which gas will have the greater average velocity?
c. The molecules of which gas will have the greater average kinetic energy?
d. If a small hole were opened in the flask, which gas would effuse more quickly?

ES

Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 73

Calculate the root mean square velocity and kinetic energy of F2, Cl2, and Br2 at 298 K. Rank the three halogens with respect to their rate of effusion.

Dan Ni

Numerade Educator

Problem 74

Calculate the root mean square velocity and kinetic energy of CO, CO2, and SO3 at 298 K. Which gas has the greatest velocity? The greatest kinetic energy? The greatest effusion rate?

ES

Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 75

We obtain uranium-235 from U-238 by fluorinating the uranium to form UF6 (which is a gas) and then taking advantage of the different rates of effusion and diffusion for compounds containing the two isotopes. Calculate the ratio of effusion rates for 238UF6 and 235UF6. The atomic mass of U-235 is 235.054 amu, and that of U-238 is 238.051 amu.

Christopher Nilsen

Christopher Nilsen

Numerade Educator

Problem 76

Calculate the ratio of effusion rates for Ar and Kr.

ES

Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 77

A sample of neon effuses from a container in 76 seconds. The same amount of an unknown noble gas requires 155 seconds. Identify the gas.

Kevin Chimex

Numerade Educator

Problem 78

A sample of N2O effuses from a container in 42 seconds. How long will it take the same amount of gaseous I2 to effuse from the same container under identical conditions?

ES

Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 79

This graph shows the distribution of molecular velocities for two different molecules (A and B) at the same temperature. Which molecule has the higher molar mass? Which molecule has the higher rate of effusion?

Ummatul Choudary

Ummatul Choudary

Numerade Educator

Problem 80

This graph shows the distribution of molecular velocities for the same molecule at two different temperatures (T1 and T2). Which temperature is greater? Explain.

ES

Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 81

Consider the chemical reaction:

How many liters of hydrogen gas are formed from the complete reaction of 15.7 g C? Assume that the hydrogen gas is collected at a pressure of 1.0 atm and a temperature of 355 K.

Aadit Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 82

Consider the chemical reaction:

What mass of H2O is required to form 1.4 L of O2 at a temperature of 315 K and a pressure of 0.957 atm?

ES

Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 83

CH3OH can be synthesized by the reaction:

What volume of H2 gas (in L), at 748 mmHg and 86 C, is required to synthesize 25.8 g CH3OH? How many liters of CO gas, measured under the same conditions, are required?

Aadit Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 84

Oxygen gas reacts with powdered aluminum according to the reaction:

What volume of O2 gas (in L), measured at 782 mmHg and 25 C, completely reacts with 53.2 g Al?

ES

Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 85

Automobile airbags inflate following serious impacts, which trigger the chemical reaction:

If an automobile airbag has a volume of 11.8 L, what mass of NaN3 (in g) is required to fully inflate the airbag upon impact? Assume STP conditions.

Aadit Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 86

Lithium reacts with nitrogen gas according to the reaction:
What mass of lithium (in g) reacts completely with 58.5 mL of N2 gas at STP?

ES

Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 87

Hydrogen gas (a potential future fuel) can be formed by the reaction of methane with water according to the equation:

In a particular reaction, 25.5 L of methane gas (at a pressure of 732 torr and a temperature of 25 C) mixes with 22.8 L of water vapor (at a pressure of 702 torr and a temperature of 125 C). The reaction produces 26.2 L of hydrogen gas at STP. What is the percent yield of the reaction?

Aadit Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 88

Ozone is depleted in the stratosphere by chlorine from CF3Cl according to this set of equations:

What total volume of ozone at a pressure of 25.0 mmHg and a temperature of 225 K is destroyed when all of the chlorine from 15.0 g of CF3Cl goes through ten cycles of the above reactions?

ES

Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 89

Chlorine gas reacts with fluorine gas to form chlorine trifluoride:

A 2.00-L reaction vessel, initially at 298 K, contains chlorine gas at a partial pressure of 337 mmHg and fluorine gas at a partial pressure of 729 mmHg. Identify the limiting reactant and determine the theoretical yield of ClF3 in grams.

Lori Mccoy

Numerade Educator

Problem 90

Carbon monoxide gas reacts with hydrogen gas to form methanol:

A 1.50-L reaction vessel, initially at 305 K, contains carbon monoxide gas at a partial pressure of 232 mmHg and hydrogen gas at a partial pressure of 397 mmHg. Identify the limiting reactant and determine the theoretical yield of methanol in grams.

ES

Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 91

Which postulate of the kinetic molecular theory breaks down under conditions of high pressure? Explain.

Kevin Chimex

Numerade Educator

Problem 92

Which postulate of the kinetic molecular theory breaks down under conditions of low temperature? Explain.

ES

Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 93

Use the van der Waals equation and the ideal gas equation to calculate the volume of 1.000 mol of neon at a pressure of 500.0atm and a temperature of 355.0 K. Explain why the two values are different. (Hint: One way to solve the van der Waals equation for V is to use successive approximations. Use the ideal gas law to get a preliminary estimate for V.)

Aadit Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 94

Use the van der Waals equation and the ideal gas equation to calculate the pressure exerted by 1.000 mol of Cl2 in a volume of 5.000 L at a temperature of 273.0 K. Explain why the two values are different.

ES

Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 95

Pennies that are currently being minted are composed of zinc coated with copper. A student determines the mass of a penny to be 2.482 g and then makes several scratches in the copper coating (to expose the underlying zinc). The student puts the scratched penny in hydrochloric acid, where the following
reaction occurs between the zinc and the HCl (the copper remains undissolved):

The student collects the hydrogen produced over water at 25 C. The collected gas occupies a volume of 0.899 L at a total pressure of 791 mmHg. Calculate the percent zinc (by mass) in the penny. (Assume that all the Zn in the penny dissolves.)

Aadit Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 96

A 2.85-g sample of an unknown chlorofluorocarbon decomposes and produces 564 mL of chlorine gas at a pressure of 752mmHg and a temperature of 298 K. What is the percent chlorine (by mass) in the unknown chlorofluorocarbon?

ES

Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 97

The mass of an evacuated 255-mL flask is 143.187 g. The mass of the flask filled with 267 torr of an unknown gas at 25 C is 143.289g. Calculate the molar mass of the unknown gas.

Aadit Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 98

A 118-mL flask is evacuated and found to have a mass of 97.129g. When the flask is filled with 768 torr of helium gas at 35 C, it has a mass of 97.171 g. Is the helium gas pure?

ES

Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 99

A gaseous hydrogen- and carbon-containing compound is decomposed and found to contain 82.66% carbon and 17.34% hydrogen by mass. The mass of 158 mL of the gas, measured at 556 mmHg and 25 C, is 0.275 g. What is the molecular formula of the compound?

Aadit Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 100

A gaseous hydrogen- and carbon-containing compound is decomposed and found to contain 85.63% C and 14.37% H by mass. The mass of 258 mL of the gas, measured at STP, is 0.646 g. What is the molecular formula of the compound?

ES

Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 101

Consider the reaction:

If O2 is collected over water at 40.0 C and a total pressure of 745mmHg, what volume of gas is collected for the complete reaction of 24.78 g of NiO?

Aadit Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 102

Consider the reaction:

If this reaction produces 15.8 g of Ag(s), what total volume of gas can be collected over water at a temperature of 25 C and a total pressure of 752 mmHg?

ES

Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 103

:When hydrochloric acid is poured over potassium sulfide, 42.9mL of hydrogen sulfide gas is produced at a pressure of 752torr and 25.8 C. Write an equation for the gas-evolution reaction and determine how much potassium sulfide (in grams) reacted.

Aadit Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 104

Consider the reaction:

a. If 285.5 mL of SO2 reacts with 158.9 mL of O2 (both measured at 315 K and 50.0 mmHg), what is the limiting reactant and the theoretical yield of SO3?
b. If 187.2 mL of SO3 is collected (measured at 315 K and 50.0mmHg), what is the percent yield for the reaction?

ES

Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 105

Ammonium carbonate decomposes upon heating according to the balanced equation:

Calculate the total volume of gas produced at 22 C and 1.02 atm by the complete decomposition of 11.83 g of ammonium carbonate.

Aadit Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 106

Ammonium nitrate decomposes explosively upon heating according to the balanced equation:

Calculate the total volume of gas (at 125 C and 748 mmHg) produced by the complete decomposition of 1.55 kg of ammonium nitrate.

ES

Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 107

Olympic cyclists fill their tires with helium to make them lighter. Calculate the mass of air in an air-filled tire and the mass of helium in a helium-filled tire. What is the mass difference between the two? Assume that the volume of the tire is 855 mL, that it is filled to a total pressure of 125 psi, and that the temperature is 25 C. Also, assume an average molar mass for air of 28.8 g/mol.

Aadit Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 108

In a common classroom demonstration, a balloon is filled with air and submerged in liquid nitrogen. The balloon contracts as the gases within the balloon cool. Suppose a balloon initially
contains 2.95 L of air at a temperature of 25.0 C and a pressure of 0.998 atm. Calculate the expected volume of the balloon upon cooling to -196 C (the boiling point of liquid nitrogen). When the demonstration is carried out, the actual volume of the balloon decreases to 0.61 L. How does the observed volume of the balloon compare to your calculated value? Explain the difference.

ES

Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 109

Gaseous ammonia is injected into the exhaust stream of a coal-burning power plant to reduce the pollutant NO to N2 according to the reaction:

Suppose that the exhaust stream of a power plant has a flow rate of 335 L/s at a temperature of 955 K, and that the exhaust contains a partial pressure of NO of 22.4 torr. What should be the flow rate of ammonia delivered at 755 torr and 298 K into the stream to react completely with the NO if the ammonia is 65.2% pure (by volume)?

Aadit Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 110

The emission of NO2 by fossil fuel combustion can be prevented by injecting gaseous urea into the combustion mixture. The urea reduces NO (which oxidizes in air to form NO2) according to the reaction:

Suppose that the exhaust stream of an automobile has a flow rate of 2.55 L>s at 655 K and contains a partial pressure of NO of 12.4torr. What total mass of urea is necessary to react completely with the NO formed during 8.0 hours of driving?

ES

Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 111

An ordinary gasoline can measuring $30.0 \mathrm{~cm}$ by $20.0 \mathrm{~cm}$ by $15.0 \mathrm{~cm}$ is evacuated with a vacuum pump. Assuming that virtually all of the air can be removed from inside the can and that atmospheric pressure is $14.7 \mathrm{psi},$ what is the total force (in pounds) on the surface of the can? Do you think that the can will withstand the force?

Lori Mccoy

Numerade Educator

Problem 112

Twenty-five milliliters of liquid nitrogen (density = 0.807 g>mL) is poured into a cylindrical container with a radius of 10.0 cm and a length of 20.0 cm. The container initially contains only air at a pressure of 760.0 mmHg (atmospheric pressure) and a temperature of 298 K. If the liquid nitrogen completely vaporizes, what is the total force (in lb) on the interior of the container at 298 K?

ES

Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 113

A 160.0-L helium tank contains pure helium at a pressure of 1855psi and a temperature of 298 K. How many 3.5-L helium balloons will the helium in the tank fill? (Assume an atmospheric pressure of 1.0 atm and a temperature of 298 K.)

Aadit Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 114

An 11.5-mL sample of liquid butane (density = 0.573 g>mL) is evaporated in an otherwise empty container at a temperature of 28.5 C. The pressure in the container following evaporation is 892 torr. What is the volume of the container?

ES

Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 115

A scuba diver creates a spherical bubble with a radius of 2.5 cm at a depth of 30.0 m where the total pressure (including atmospheric pressure) is 4.00 atm. What is the radius of the bubble when it reaches the surface of the water? (Assume that the atmospheric pressure is 1.00 atm and the temperature is 298 K.)

Aadit Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 116

A particular balloon can be stretched to a maximum surface area of 1257 cm2. The balloon is filled with 3.0 L of helium gas at a pressure of 755 torr and a temperature of 298 K. The balloon is then allowed to rise in the atmosphere. If the atmospheric temperature is 273 K, at what pressure will the balloon burst?
(Assume the balloon is a sphere.)

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Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 117

A catalytic converter in an automobile uses a palladium or platinum catalyst (a substance that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction) to convert carbon monoxide gas to carbon dioxide according to the reaction:

A chemist researching the effectiveness of a new catalyst combines a 2.0 : 1.0 mole ratio mixture of carbon monoxide and oxygen gas (respectively) over the catalyst in a 2.45-L flask at a total pressure of 745 torr and a temperature of 552 C. When the reaction is complete, the pressure in the flask has dropped to 552torr. What percentage of the carbon monoxide was converted to carbon dioxide?

Aadit Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 118

A quantity of N2 occupies a volume of 1.0 L at 300 K and 1.0 atm. The gas expands to a volume of 3.0 L as the result of a change in both temperature and pressure. Find the density of the gas at these new conditions.

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Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 119

A mixture of CO(g) and O2(g) in a 1.0-L container at 1.0 * 103 K has a total pressure of 2.2 atm. After some time the total pressure falls to 1.9 atm as the result of the formation of CO2. Determine the mass (in grams) of CO2 that forms.

Dominique Jan Tan

Dominique Jan Tan

Numerade Educator

Problem 120

The radius of a xenon atom is 1.3 * 10-8 cm. A 100-mL flask is filled with Xe at a pressure of 1.0 atm and a temperature of 273K. Calculate the fraction of the volume that is occupied by Xe atoms. (Hint: The atoms are spheres.)

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Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 121

A natural-gas storage tank is a cylinder with a moveable top whose volume can change only as its height changes. Its radius remains fixed. The height of the cylinder is 22.6 m on a day when
the temperature is 22 C. The next day the height of the cylinder increases to 23.8 m when the gas expands because of a heat wave. Find the temperature on the second day, assuming that the pressure and amount of gas in the storage tank have not changed.

Aadit Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 122

A mixture of 8.0 g CH4 and 8.0 g Xe is placed in a container, and the total pressure is found to be 0.44 atm. Determine the partial pressure of CH4.

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Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 123

A steel container of volume 0.35 L can withstand pressures up to 88 atm before exploding. What mass of helium can be stored in this container at 299 K?

Aparna Shakti

Numerade Educator

Problem 124

Binary compounds of alkali metals and hydrogen react with water to liberate H2(g). The H2 from the reaction of a sample of NaH with an excess of water fills a volume of 0.490 L above the water. The temperature of the gas is 35 C, and the total pressure is 758 mmHg. Determine the mass of H2 that was liberated and the mass of NaH that reacted.

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Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 125

In a given diffusion apparatus, 15.0 mL of HBr gas diffused in 1.0min. In the same apparatus and under the same conditions, 20.3mL of an unknown gas diffused in 1.0 min. The unknown gas is a hydrocarbon. Find its molecular formula.

Aadit Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 126

A sample of N2O3(g) has a pressure of 0.017 atm. The temperature (in K) is doubled, and the N2O3 undergoes complete decomposition to NO2(g) and NO(g). Find the total pressure of the mixture of gases assuming constant volume and no additional temperature change.

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Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 127

When 0.583 g of neon is added to an 800-cm3 bulb containing a sample of argon, the total pressure of the gases is 1.17 atm at a temperature of 295 K. Find the mass of the argon in the bulb.

Aadit Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 128

A gas mixture composed of helium and argon has a density of 0.670 g>L at 755 mmHg and 298 K. What is the composition of the mixture by volume?

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Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 129

A gas mixture contains 75.2% nitrogen and 24.8% krypton by mass. What is the partial pressure of krypton in the mixture if the total pressure is 745 mmHg?

Aadit Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 130

A 10-L container is filled with 0.10 mol of H2(g) and heated to 3000 K, causing some of the H2(g) to decompose into H(g). The total pressure is 3.0 atm. Find the partial pressure of the H(g) that forms from H2 at this temperature. (Assume two significant figures for the temperature.)

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Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 131

A mixture of NH3(g) and N2H4(g) is placed in a sealed container at 300 K. The total pressure is 0.50 atm. The container is heated to 1200 K, at which time both substances decompose completely according to the equations: 2 NH3(g) N2(g) + 3 H2(g); N2H4(g) N2(g) + 2 H2(g). After decomposition is complete, the total pressure at 1200 K is 4.5 atm. Find the percent of N2H4(g) in the original mixture. (Assume two significant figures for the temperature.)

HS

Harsh Sompura

Numerade Educator

Problem 132

A quantity of CO gas occupies a volume of 0.48 L at 1.0 atm and 275 K. The pressure of the gas is lowered and its temperature is raised until its volume is 1.3 L. Determine the density of the CO under the new conditions.

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Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 133

When CO2(g) is put in a sealed container at 701 K and a pressure of 10.0 atm and is heated to 1401 K, the pressure rises to 22.5 atm. Some of the CO2 decomposes to CO and O2. Calculate the mole percent of CO2 that decomposes.

Aadit Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 134

The world burns approximately 3.5 * 1012 kg of fossil fuel per year. Use the combustion of octane as the representative reaction and determine the mass of carbon dioxide (the most significant greenhouse gas) formed per year. The current concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is approximately 394 ppm (by volume). By what percentage does the concentration increase each year due to fossil fuel combustion? Approximate the average properties of the entire atmosphere by assuming that the atmosphere extends from sea level to 15 km and that it has an average pressure of 381 torr and average temperature of 275 K. Assume Earth is a perfect sphere with a radius of 6371 km.

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Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 135

The atmosphere slowly oxidizes hydrocarbons in a number of steps that eventually convert the hydrocarbon into carbon dioxide and water. The overall reaction of a number of such steps for methane gas is:

Suppose that an atmospheric chemist combines 155 mL of methane at STP, 885 mL of oxygen at STP, and 55.5 mL of NO at STP in a 2.0-L flask. The flask stands for several weeks at 275 K. If the reaction reaches 90.0% of completion (90.0% of the limiting reactant is consumed), what is the partial pressure of each of the reactants and products in the flask at 275 K? What is the total pressure in the flask?

Aadit Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 136

Two identical balloons are filled to the same volume, one with air and one with helium. The next day, the volume of the air-filled balloon has decreased by 5.0%. By what percent has the volume of the helium-filled balloon decreased? (Assume that the air is four-fifths nitrogen and one-fifth oxygen, and that the temperature did not change.)

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Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 137

A mixture of CH4(g) and C2H6(g) has a total pressure of 0.53atm. Just enough O2(g) is added to the mixture to bring about its complete combustion to CO2(g) and H2O(g). The total pressure of the two product gases is found to be 2.2 atm. Assuming constant volume and temperature, find the mole fraction of CH4 in the mixture.

Aadit Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 138

A sample of $\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{2}(\mathrm{~g})$ has a pressure of $7.8 \mathrm{kPa}$. After some time, a portion of it reacts to form $\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{6}(g) .$ The total pressure of the mixture of gases is then $3.9 \mathrm{kPa}$. Assume the volume and the temperature do not change. What fraction of $\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{2}(\mathrm{~g})$ has undergone reaction?

ES

Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 139

When the driver of an automobile applies the brakes, the passengers are pushed toward the front of the car, but a helium balloon is pushed toward the back of the car. Upon forward acceleration, the passengers are pushed toward the back of the car, but the helium balloon is pushed toward the front of the car. Why?

Aadit Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 140

Suppose that a liquid is 10 times denser than water. If you were to sip this liquid at sea level using a straw, what is the maximum length your straw can be?

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Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 141

The generic reaction occurs in a closed container:

A reaction mixture initially contains 1.5 L of A and 2.0 L of B. Assuming that the volume and temperature of the reaction mixture remain constant, what is the percent change in pressure if the reaction goes to completion?

Aadit Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 142

One mole of nitrogen and one mole of neon are combined in a closed container at STP. How big is the container?

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Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 143

Exactly equal amounts (in moles) of gas A and gas B are combined in a 1-L container at room temperature. Gas B has a molar mass that is twice that of gas A. Which statement is true for the mixture of gases and why?
a. The molecules of gas B have greater kinetic energy than those of gas A.
b. Gas B has a greater partial pressure than gas A.
c. The molecules of gas B have a greater average velocity than those of gas A.
d. Gas B makes a greater contribution to the average density of the mixture than gas A.

Dominique Jan Tan

Dominique Jan Tan

Numerade Educator

Problem 144

Which gas would you expect to deviate most from ideal behavior under conditions of low temperature: F2, Cl2, or Br2? Explain.

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Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 145

The volume of a sample of a fixed amount of gas is decreased from 2.0 L to 1.0 L. The temperature of the gas in kelvins is then doubled. What is the final pressure of the gas in terms of the initial pressure?

Aadit Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 146

Which gas sample has the greatest volume at STP?
a. 10.0 g Kr
b. 10.0 g Xe
c. 10.0 g He

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Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 147

Draw a depiction of a gas sample, as described by kinetic molecular theory, containing equal molar amounts of helium, neon, and krypton. Use different color dots to represent each element. Give each atom a "tail" to represent its velocity relative to the others in the mixture.

Aadit Sharma

Numerade Educator

Problem 148

Assign one of the three simple gas laws to each member of your group. For the assigned gas law, have each member write two equations, draw a graph, and describe it in a complete sentence. Have each group member present his or her law to the group.

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Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 149

Review the ideal gas law. Without referring back to the text, use algebra to write the ideal gas law and solve for each of the individual variables it contains. Have each group member solve for a different variable and present answers to the group.

Jennifer Hudspeth

Jennifer Hudspeth

Numerade Educator

Problem 150

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) decomposes in the presence of a catalyst to form water and oxygen. The catalyst is added to 5.00 mL of a hydrogen peroxide solution at 25.0 C, and 49.5 mL of gas is collected over water at a total pressure of 763.8 mmHg.
a. Write and balance the chemical reaction. (Note: catalysts do not appear in balanced chemical equations.)
b. Look up the vapor pressure of water under these conditions.
c. What is the partial pressure of oxygen collected over the water?
d. How many moles of oxygen are collected?
e. How many grams of hydrogen peroxide were in the original sample?
f. What is the concentration (in mol>L) of the hydrogen peroxide solution?
g. Which part of this process is conceptually most difficult for your group?

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Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 151

A box contains equal amounts of helium, argon, and krypton (all gases) at 25 C. Using complete sentences, describe the temperatures, masses, average velocities, and average kinetic energy of the three kinds of gas in the mixture. What do they have in common? What are the differences? How are these properties related?

Lori Mccoy

Numerade Educator

Problem 152

Calculate the pressure exerted by 1 mol of an ideal gas in a box that is 0.500 L and at 298 K. Have each group member calculate the pressure of 1 mol of the following real gases in the same box at the same temperature: He, Ne, H2, CH4, and CO2 using the van der Waals equation. Compare group members' answers and compare all answers with the pressure of an ideal gas. Assuming that the van der Waals equation predictions are accurate, account for why the pressure of each gas is higher or lower than that predicted for an ideal gas.

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Eugene Schneider

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Problem 153

When fuels are burned in air, such as in an automobile engine, some of the nitrogen in the air oxidizes to form nitrogen oxide gases such as NO and NO2 (known collectively as NOx). The U.S. Environmental Protection Agencey (EPA) sets standards for air quality of several pollutants including NO2. According to the EPA, NO2 levels in U.S. cities are not to exceed a yearly average of 53 ppb or a 1-hour average of 100 ppb. Another pollutant associated with automobile exhaust is ozone (O3). The EPA standard for ozone is an 8-hour average of 70 ppb. Breathing air with elevated levels of NO2 or O3 can cause asthma and other respiratory problems. The graph on the next page shows the average concentration of nitrogen
dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3) gases in units of parts per billion by volume (ppbv) over seven days in a large city.

Manik Pulyani

Numerade Educator