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Understanding Physics

Karen Cummings, Priscilla W. Laws, Edward F. Redish

Chapter 6

Identifying and Using Forces - all with Video Answers

Educators


Chapter Questions

02:28

Problem 1

Standard Body If the $1 \mathrm{~kg}$ standard body has an acceleration of $2.00 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$ at $20^{\circ}$ to the positive direction of the $x$ axis, then what are (a) the $x$ -component and (b) the $y$ -component of the net force on it, and (c) what is the net force in unit-vector notation?

Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Numerade Educator
01:27

Problem 2

Two horizontal forces act on a $2.0 \mathrm{~kg}$ chopping block that can slide over a frictionless kitchen counter, which lies in an $x y$ plane. One force is $\vec{F}_{A}=(3.0 \mathrm{~N}) \hat{\mathrm{i}}+(4.0 \mathrm{~N}) \hat{\mathrm{j}}$. Find the acceleration of the chopping block in unit-vector notation when the other force is (a) $\vec{F}_{B}=(-3.0 \mathrm{~N}) \hat{\mathrm{i}}+(-4.0 \mathrm{~N}) \hat{\mathrm{j}}$, (b) $\vec{F}_{B}=(-3.0 \mathrm{~N}) \hat{\mathrm{i}}+$ $(4.0 \mathrm{~N}) \hat{\mathrm{j}}$, and $(\mathrm{c}) \vec{F}_{B}=(3.0 \mathrm{~N}) \hat{\mathrm{i}}+(-4.0 \mathrm{~N}) \hat{\mathrm{j}}$.

Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Numerade Educator
03:21

Problem 3

Only two horizontal forces act on a 3.0 kg body. One force is $9.0 \mathrm{~N}$, acting due east, and the other is $8.0 \mathrm{~N}$, acting $62^{\circ}$ north of west. What is the magnitude of the body's acceleration?

Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Numerade Educator
00:41

Problem 4

While two forces act on it, a particle is to move at the constant velocity $\vec{v}=(3 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}) \hat{\mathrm{i}}-(4 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}) \hat{\mathrm{j}} .$ One of the forces is $\vec{F}_{A}=(2 \mathrm{~N}) \hat{\mathrm{i}}+(-6 \mathrm{~N}) \hat{\mathrm{j}}$. What is the other force?

Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Numerade Educator
01:22

Problem 5

Three Forces Three forces act on a particle that moves with unchanging velocity $\vec{v}=(2 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}) \hat{\mathrm{i}}-(7 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}) \hat{\mathrm{j}}$. Two of the forces are $\vec{F}_{A}=(2 \mathrm{~N}) \hat{\mathrm{i}}+(3 \mathrm{~N}) \hat{\mathrm{j}}$ and $\vec{F}_{B}=(-5 \mathrm{~N}) \hat{\mathrm{i}}+(8 \mathrm{~N}) \hat{\mathrm{j}}$. What is the third force?

Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Numerade Educator
05:40

Problem 6

Three astronauts, propelled by jet backpacks, push and guide a $120 \mathrm{~kg}$ asteroid toward a processing dock, exerting the forces shown in Fig. 6-37. What is the asteroid's acceleration (a) in unit-vector notation and as (b) a magnitude and (c) a direction?

Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Numerade Educator
02:37

Problem 7

There are two forces on the $2.0 \mathrm{~kg}$ box in the overhead view of Fig. 6-38 but only one is shown. The figure also shows the acceleration of the box. Find the second force (a) in unit-vector notation and as (b) a magnitude and (c) a direction.

Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Numerade Educator
02:02

Problem 8

Figure $6-39$ is an overhead view of a $12 \mathrm{~kg}$ tire that is to be pulled by three ropes. One force $\left(\vec{F}_{A}\right.$, with magnitude $50 \quad \mathrm{~N}$ ) is indicated. Orient the other two forces $\vec{F}_{B}$ and $\vec{F}_{C}$ so that the magnitude of the resulting acceleration of the tire is least, and find that magnitude if (a) $F_{B}=30 \mathrm{~N}, F_{C}=20 \mathrm{~N} ;$ (b) $F_{B}=30 \mathrm{~N}, F_{C}=10 \mathrm{~N} ;$ and $(\mathrm{c})$ $F_{B}=F_{C}=30 \mathrm{~N}$.

Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Numerade Educator
01:31

Problem 9

(a) An $11.0 \mathrm{~kg}$ salami is supported by a cord that runs to a spring scale, which is supported by another cord from the ceiling (Fig. 6-40a). What is the reading on the scale, which is marked in weight units? (b) In Fig. $6-40 b$ the salami is supported by a cord that runs around a pulley and to a scale. The opposite end of the scale is attached by a cord to a wall. What is the reading on the scale? (c) In Fig. $6-40 c$ the wall has been replaced with a second 11.0 kg salami on the left, and the assembly is stationary. What is the reading on the scale now?

Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Numerade Educator
01:09

Problem 10

A spaceship lifts off vertically from the Moon, where the freefall acceleration is $1.6 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2} .$ If the spaceship has an upward acceleration of $1.0 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$ as it lifts off, what is the magnitude of the force of the spaceship on its pilot, who weighs $735 \mathrm{~N}$ on Earth?

Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Numerade Educator
02:06

Problem 11

A bedroom bureau with a mass of $45 \mathrm{~kg}$. including drawers and clothing, rests on the floor. (a) If the coefficient of static friction between the bureau and the floor is $0.45$, what is the magnitude of the minimum horizontal force that a person must apply to start the bureau moving? (b) If the drawers and clothing, with $17 \mathrm{~kg}$ mass, are removed before the bureau is pushed, what is the new minimum magnitude?

Averell Hause
Averell Hause
Carnegie Mellon University
01:00

Problem 12

The coefficient of static friction between Teflon and scrambled eggs is about $0.04 .$ What is the smallest angle from the horizontal that will cause the eggs to slide across the bottom of a Teflon-coated skillet?

Averell Hause
Averell Hause
Carnegie Mellon University
01:05

Problem 13

A baseball player with mass $m=79 \mathrm{~kg}$, sliding into second base, is retarded by a frictional force of magnitude $470 \mathrm{~N}$. What is the coefficient of kinetic friction $\mu^{\mathrm{kin}}$ between the player and the ground?

Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Numerade Educator
01:08

Problem 14

Sliding Stones Along the remote Racetrack Playa in Death Valley. California, stones sometimes gouge out prominent trails in the desert floor, as if they had been migrating (Fig 6-41). For years curiosity mounted about why the stones moved. One explanation was that strong winds during the occasional rainstorms would drag the rough stones over ground softened by rain. When the desert dried out, the trails behind the stones were hard-baked in place. According to measurements, the coefficient of kinetic friction between the stones and the wet playa ground is about $0.80$. What horizontal force is needed on a stone of typical mass $20 \mathrm{~kg}$ to maintain the stone's motion once a gust has started it moving? (Story continues with Problem 42.)

Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Numerade Educator
01:12

Problem 15

A person pushes horizontally with a force of $220 \mathrm{~N}$ on a $55 \mathrm{~kg}$ crate to move it across a level floor. The coefficient of kinetic friction is $0.35 .$ (a) What is the magnitude of the frictional force? (b) What is the magnitude of the crate's acceleration?

Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Numerade Educator
01:56

Problem 16

A house is built on the top of a hill with a nearby $45^{\circ}$ slope (Fig. 6-42). An engineering study indicates that the slope angle should be reduced because the top layers of soil along the slope might slip past the lower layers. If the static coefficient of friction between two such layers is $0.5$, what is the least angle $\phi$ through which the present slope should be reduced to prevent slippage?

Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Numerade Educator
03:34

Problem 17

A $110 \mathrm{~g}$ hockey puck sent sliding over ice is stopped in $15 \mathrm{~m}$ by the frictional force on it from the ice. (a) If its initial speed is $6.0 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$, what is the magnitude of the frictional force? (b) What is the coefficient of friction between the puck and the ice?

Averell Hause
Averell Hause
Carnegie Mellon University
04:58

Problem 18

In Fig. 6-43 a 49 $\mathrm{kg}$ rock climber is climbing a "chimney" between two rock slabs. The static coefficient of friction between her shoes and the rock is $1.2$; between her back and the rock it is $0.80 .$ She has reduced her push against the rock until her back and her shoes are on the verge of slipping. (a) Draw a free-body diagram of the climber. (b) What is her push against the rock? (c) What fraction of her weight is supported by the frictional force on her shoes?

Brandy Heflin
Brandy Heflin
Numerade Educator
02:20

Problem 19

A $12 \mathrm{~N}$ horizontal force $\vec{F}$ pushes a block weighing $5.0 \mathrm{~N}$ against a vertical wall (Fig. 6-44). The coefficient of static friction between the wall and the block is $0.60$, and the coefficient of kinetic friction is $0.40$. Assume
that the block is not moving initially. (a) Will the block move? (b) In unit-vector notation, what is the force on the block from the wall?

Averell Hause
Averell Hause
Carnegie Mellon University
02:49

Problem 20

A $2.5 \mathrm{~kg}$ block is initially at rest on a horizontal surface. A $6.0 \mathrm{~N}$ horizontal force and a vertical force $\vec{P}$ are applied to the block as shown in Fig. 6-45. The coefficients of friction for the block and surface are $\mu^{\text {stat }}$ $=0.40$ and $\mu^{\mathrm{kin}}=0.25 .$ Determine the magnitude and direction of the frictional force acting on the block if the magnitude of $\vec{P}$ is (a) $8.0 \mathrm{~N}$, (b) $10 \mathrm{~N}$, and (c) $12 \mathrm{~N}$.

Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Numerade Educator
04:10

Problem 21

A worker wishes to pile a cone of sand onto a circular area in his yard. The radius of the circle is $R$, and no sand is to spill onto the surrounding area (Fig. 6-46). If $\mu^{\text {stat }}$ is the static coefficient of friction between each layer of sand along the slope and the sand beneath it (along which is might slip), show that the greatest volume of sand that can be stored in this manner is $\pi \mu^{\text {stat }} R^{3} / 3$. (The volume of a cone is $A h / 3$, where $A$ is the base area and $h$ is the cone's height.)

Stephen Zaffke
Stephen Zaffke
Numerade Educator
04:34

Problem 22

A worker pushes horizontally on a $35 \mathrm{~kg}$ crate with a force of magnitude $110 \mathrm{~N}$. The coefficient of static friction between the crate and the floor is $0.37$. (a) What is the frictional force on the crate from the floor? (b) What is the maximum magnitude $f_{\max }^{\text {stat }}$ of the static frictional force under the circumstances? (c) Does the crate move? (d) Suppose, next, that a second worker pulls directly upward on the crate to help out. What is the least vertical pull that will allow the first worker's $110 \mathrm{~N}$ push to move the crate? (e) If, instead, the second worker pulls horizontally to help out, what is the least pull that will get the crate moving?

Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Numerade Educator
03:14

Problem 23

A $68 \mathrm{~kg}$ crate is dragged across a floor by pulling on a rope attached to the crate and inclined $15^{\circ}$ above the horizontal. (a) If the coefficient of static friction is $0.50$, what minimum force magnitude is required from the rope to start the crate moving? (b) If $\mu^{\text {kin }}$ $=0.35$, what is the magnitude of the initial acceleration of the crate?

Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Numerade Educator
04:04

Problem 24

A slide-loving pig slides down a certain $35^{\circ}$ slide (Fig. 6-47) in twice the time it would take to slide down a frictionless $35^{\circ}$ slide. What is the coefficient of kinetic friction between the pig and the slide?

Supratim Pal
Supratim Pal
Numerade Educator
02:54

Problem 25

In Fig. $6-48$ blocks $A$ and $B$ have weights of $44 \mathrm{~N}$ and $22 \mathrm{~N}$, respectively. (a) Determine the minimum weight of block $C$ to keep $A$ from sliding if $\mu^{\text {stat }}$ between $A$ and the table is $0.20$. (b) Block $C$ suddenly is lifted off $A$. What is the acceleration of block $A$ if $\mu^{\text {kin }}$ between $A$ and the table is $0.15 ?$

Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Numerade Educator
02:22

Problem 26

A $3.5 \mathrm{~kg}$ block is pushed along a horizontal floor by a force $\vec{F}$ of magnitude $15 \mathrm{~N}$ at an angle $\theta=40^{\circ}$ with the horizontal (Fig. 6-49). The coefficient of kinetic friction between the block and the floor is $0.25 .$ Calculate the magnitudes of (a) the frictional force on the block from the floor and (b) the acceleration of the block.

Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Numerade Educator
04:49

Problem 27

Figure $6-50$ shows the cross section of a road cut into the side of a mountain. The solid line $A A^{\prime}$ represents a weak bedding plane along which sliding is possible. Block $B$ directly above the highway is separated from uphill rock by a large crack (called a joint), so that only friction between the block and the bedding plane prevents sliding. The mass of the block is $1.8 \times 10^{7} \mathrm{~kg}$, the dip angle $\theta$ of the bedding plane is $24^{\circ}$, and the coefficient of static friction between block and plane is $0.63 .$ (a) Show that the block will not slide. (b) Water seeps into the joint and expands upon freezing, exerting on the block a force $\vec{F}$ parallel to $A A^{\prime} .$ What minimum value of $F$ will trigger a slide?

Stephen Zaffke
Stephen Zaffke
Numerade Educator
02:49

Problem 28

A loaded penguin sled weighing $80 \mathrm{~N}$ rests on a plane inclined at $20^{\circ}$ to the horizontal (Fig. 6-51). Between the sled and the plane, the coefficient of static friction is $0.25$, and the coefficient of kinetic friction is $0.15$. (a) What is the minimum magnitude of the force $\vec{F}$, parallel to the plane, that will prevent the sled from slipping down the plane? (b) What is the minimum magnitude $F$ that will start the sled moving up the plane? (c) What value of $\bar{F}$ is required to move the sled up the plane at constant velocity?

Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Numerade Educator
03:10

Problem 29

Block $B$ in Fig. 6-52 weighs $711 \mathrm{~N}$. The coefficient of static friction between block and table is $0.25$; assume that the cord between $B$ and the knot is horizontal. Find the maximum weight of block $A$ for which the system will be stationary.

Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Numerade Educator
06:27

Problem 30

A force $\vec{P}$, parallel to a surface inclined $15^{\circ}$ above the horizontal, acts on a $45 \mathrm{~N}$ block, as shown in Fig. 6-53. The coefficients of friction for the block and surface are $\mu^{\text {stat }}$ $=0.50$ and $\mu^{\text {kin }}=0.34$. If the block is initially at rest, determine the magnitude and direction of the frictional force acting on the block for magnitudes of $\vec{P}$ of (a) $5.0 \mathrm{~N},(\mathrm{~b})$ $8.0 \mathrm{~N}$, and $(\mathrm{c}) 15 \mathrm{~N}$.

Stephen Zaffke
Stephen Zaffke
Numerade Educator
07:38

Problem 31

Body $A$ in Fig. 6-54 weighs $102 \mathrm{~N}$, and body $B$ weighs $32 \mathrm{~N}$. The coefficients of friction between $A$ and the incline are $\mu^{\text {stat }}=0.56$ and $\mu^{\mathrm{kin}}=0.25$. Angle $\theta$ is $40^{\circ}$. Find the acceleration of $A$ if (a) $A$ is initially at rest, (b) $A$ is initially moving up the incline, and (c) $A$ is initially moving down the incline.

Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Numerade Educator
02:31

Problem 32

In Fig. 6-54, two blocks are connected over a pulley. The mass of block $A$ is $10 \mathrm{~kg}$ and the coefficient of kinetic friction between $A$ and the incline is $0.20$. Angle $\theta$ of the incline is $30^{\circ} .$ Block $A$ slides down the incline at constant speed. What is the mass of block $B$ ?

Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Numerade Educator
08:57

Problem 33

Two blocks of weights $3.6 \mathrm{~N}$ and $7.2 \mathrm{~N}$ are connected by a massless string and slide down a $30^{\circ}$ inclined plane. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the lighter block and the plane is $0.10 ;$ that between the heavier block and the plane is 0.20. Assuming that the lighter block leads, find (a) the magnitude of the acceleration of the blocks and (b) the tension in the string. (c) Describe the motion if, instead, the heavier block leads.

Stephen Zaffke
Stephen Zaffke
Numerade Educator
03:50

Problem 34

In Fig. 6-55, a box of Cheerios $(\mathbb{B})$ and a box of Wheaties (B) are accelerated across a horizontal surface by a horizontal force $\vec{F}$ applied to the Cheerios $(\mathbb{B})$ box. The magnitude of the frictional force on the Cheerios(B) box is $2.0 \mathrm{~N}$, and the magnitude of the frictional force on the Wheaties $(\mathbb{B})$ box is $4.0 \mathrm{~N}$. If the magnitude of $\vec{F}$ is $12 \mathrm{~N}$, what is the magnitude of the force on the Wheaties $(\mathbb{B})$ box from the Cheerios $(\mathbb{B})$ box?

Stephen Zaffke
Stephen Zaffke
Numerade Educator
05:22

Problem 35

The two blocks (with $m=16 \mathrm{~kg}$ and $M=$ $88 \mathrm{~kg}$ ) shown in Fig. 6-56 are not attached. The coefficient of static friction between the blocks is $\mu^{\text {stat }}=$ $0.38$, but the surface beneath the larger block is frictionless. What is the minimum magnitude of the horizontal force $\vec{F}$ required to keep the smaller block from slipping down the larger block?

Stephen Zaffke
Stephen Zaffke
Numerade Educator
08:17

Problem 36

In Fig. 6-57, a box of ant aunts (total mass $m_{A}=$ $1.65 \mathrm{~kg}$ ) and a box of ant uncles (total mass $m_{B}=3.30 \mathrm{~kg}$ ) slide down an inclined plane while attached by a massless rod parallel to the plane. The angle of incline is $\theta=30^{\circ}$. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the aunt box and the incline is $\mu_{A}^{\mathrm{kin}}=0.226$; that between the uncle box and the incline is $\mu_{B}^{\mathrm{kin}}=0.113 .$ Compute (a) the tension in the rod and (b) the common acceleration of the two boxes. (c) How would the answers to (a) and (b) change if the uncles trailed the aunts?

Stephen Zaffke
Stephen Zaffke
Numerade Educator
05:09

Problem 37

A $40 \mathrm{~kg}$ slab rests on a frictionless floor. A $10 \mathrm{~kg}$ block rests on top of the slab (Fig. 6-58). The coefficient of static friction $\mu^{\text {stat }}$ between the block and the slab is $0.60$, whereas their kinetic friction coefficient $\mu^{\text {kin }}$ is $0.40$. The $10 \mathrm{~kg}$ block is pulled by a horizontal force with a magnitude of $100 \mathrm{~N}$. What are the resulting accelerations of (a) the block and (b) the slab?

Stephen Zaffke
Stephen Zaffke
Numerade Educator
06:16

Problem 38

A locomotive accelerates a 25-car train along a level track. Every car has a mass of $5.0 \times 10^{4} \mathrm{~kg}$ and is subject to a frictional force $f^{\text {kin }}=(250 \mathrm{~N} \cdot \mathrm{s} / \mathrm{m}) \vec{v}$. At the instant when the speed of the train is $30 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}$, the magnitude of its acceleration is $0.20 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$. (a) What is the tension in the coupling between the first car and the locomotive? (b) If this tension is equal to the maximum force the locomotive can exert on the train, what is the steepest grade up which the locomotive can pull the train at $30 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}$ ?

Stephen Zaffke
Stephen Zaffke
Numerade Educator
06:08

Problem 39

In Fig. 6-59, a crate slides down an inclined right-angled trough. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the crate and the trough is $\mu^{\text {kin. }}$ What is the acceleration of the crate in terms of $\mu^{\text {kin }}, \theta$, and $g$ ?

Stephen Zaffke
Stephen Zaffke
Numerade Educator
05:04

Problem 40

An initially stationary box of sand is to be pulled across a floor by means of a cable in which the tension should not exceed $1100 \mathrm{~N}$. The coefficient of static friction between the box and the floor is $0.35 .$ (a) What should be the angle between the cable and the horizontal in order to pull the greatest possible amount of sand, and (b) what is the weight of the sand and box in that situation?

Averell Hause
Averell Hause
Carnegie Mellon University
02:12

Problem 41

A $1000 \mathrm{~kg}$ boat is traveling at $90 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}$ when its engine is shut off. The magnitude of the frictional force $\vec{f}^{\text {kin }}$ between boat and water is proportional to the speed $v$ of the boat; $\vec{f}^{\mathrm{kin}}=(70 \mathrm{~N} \cdot \mathrm{s} / \mathrm{m}) \vec{v}$. Find the time required for the boat to slow to $45 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}$.

Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Numerade Educator
02:42

Problem 42

First reread the explanation of how the wind might drag desert stones across the playa. Now assume that Eq. 6-23 gives the magnitude of the air drag force on the typical $20 \mathrm{~kg}$ stone, which presents a vertical cross-sectional area to the wind of $0.040 \mathrm{~m}^{2}$ and has a drag coefficient $C$ of $0.80$. Take the air density to be $1.21 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^{3}$, and the coefficient of kinetic friction to be $0.80$. (a) In kilometers per hour, what wind speed $V$ along the ground is needed to maintain the stone's motion once it has started moving? Because winds along the ground are retarded by the ground, the wind speeds reported for storms are often measured at a height of $10 \mathrm{~m}$. Assume wind speeds are $2.00$ times those along the ground, (b) For your answer to (a), what wind speed would be reported for the storm and is that value reasonable for a high-speed wind in a storm?

Manish Jain
Manish Jain
Numerade Educator
01:35

Problem 43

Calculate the drag force on a missile $53 \mathrm{~cm}$ in diameter cruising with a speed of $250 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$ at low altitude, where the density of air is $1.2 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^{3}$. Assume $C=0.75$.

Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Numerade Educator
01:21

Problem 44

the terminal speed of a sky diver is $160 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}$ in the spread-eagle position and $310 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}$ in the nosedive position. Assuming that the diver's drag coefficient $C$ does not change from one position to the other, find the ratio of the effective cross-sectional area $A$ in the slower position to that in the faster position.

Averell Hause
Averell Hause
Carnegie Mellon University
04:02

Problem 45

calculate the ratio of the drag force on a passenger jet flying with a speed of $1000 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}$ at an altitude of $10 \mathrm{~km}$ to the drag force on a prop-driven transport flying at half the speed and half the altitude of the jet. At $10 \mathrm{~km}$ the density of air is $0.38 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^{3}$, and at $5.0 \mathrm{~km}$ it is $0.67 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^{3}$. Assume that the airplanes have the same effective cross-sectional area and the same drag coefficient $C$.

Devi Dutta Biswajeet
Devi Dutta Biswajeet
Numerade Educator
03:01

Problem 46

Refer to Fig. 6-29. Let the mass of the block be $8.5 \mathrm{~kg}$ and the angle $\theta$ be $30^{\circ} .$ The block moves at constant velocity. Find (a) the tension in the cord and (b) the normal force acting on the block. (c) If the cord is cut, find the magnitude of the block's acceleration.

Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Numerade Educator
01:39

Problem 47

An electron with a speed of $1.2 \times 10^{7} \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$ moves horizontally into a region where a constant vertical force of $4.5 \times 10^{-16} \mathrm{~N}$ acts on it. The mass of the electron is $9.11 \times 10^{-31} \mathrm{~kg} .$ Determine the vertical distance the electron is deflected during the time it has moved $30 \mathrm{~mm}$ horizontally.

Averell Hause
Averell Hause
Carnegie Mellon University
04:46

Problem 48

Tarzan, who weighs $820 \mathrm{~N}$, swings from a cliff at the end of a $20 \mathrm{~m}$ vine that hangs from a high tree limb and initially makes an angle of $22^{\circ}$ with the vertical. Immediately after Tarzan steps off the cliff, the tension in the vine is $760 \mathrm{~N}$. Choose a coordinate system for which the $x$ axis points horizontally away from the edge of the cliff and the $y$ axis points upward. (a) What is the force of the vine on Tarzan in unit-vector notation? (b) What is the net force acting on Tarzan in unit-vector notation? What are the (c) magnitude and (d) direction of the net force acting on Tarzan? What are the (e) magnitude and (f) direction of Tarzan's acceleration?

Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Numerade Educator
02:38

Problem 49

A $50 \mathrm{~kg}$ skier is pulled up a frictionless ski slope that makes an angle of $8.0^{\circ}$ with the horizontal by holding onto a tow rope that moves parallel to the slope. Determine the magnitude of the force of the rope on the skier at an instant when (a) the rope is moving with a constant speed of $2.0 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$ and $(\mathrm{b})$ the rope is moving with a speed of $2.0 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$ but that speed is increasing at a rate of $0.10 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$.

Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Numerade Educator
01:41

Problem 50

For sport, a $12 \mathrm{~kg}$ armadillo runs onto a large pond of level, frictionless ice with an initial velocity of $5.0 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$ along the positive direction of an $x$ axis. Take its initial position on the ice as being the origin. It slips over the ice while being pushed by a wind with a force of $17 \mathrm{~N}$ in the positive direction of the $y$ axis. In unit-vector notation, what are the animal's (a) velocity and (b) position vector when it has slid for $3.0 \mathrm{~s}$ ?

Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Numerade Educator
02:22

Problem 51

A sphere of mass $3.0 \times 10^{-4} \mathrm{~kg}$ is suspended from a cord. A steady horizontal breeze pushes the sphere so that the cord makes a constant angle of $37^{\circ}$ with the vertical. Find
(a) the magnitude of that push and (b) the tension in the cord.

Averell Hause
Averell Hause
Carnegie Mellon University
04:38

Problem 52

A $40 \mathrm{~kg}$ skier comes directly down a frictionless ski slope that is inclined at an angle of $10^{\circ}$ with the horizontal while a strong wind blows parallel to the slope. Determine the magnitude and direction of the force of the wind on the skier if (a) the magnitude of the skier's velocity is constant, (b) the magnitude of the skier's velocity is increasing at a rate of $1.0 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2} .$ and $(\mathrm{c})$ the magnitude of the skier's velocity is increasing at a rate of $2.0 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$.

Stephen Zaffke
Stephen Zaffke
Numerade Educator
01:47

Problem 53

A $1400 \mathrm{~kg}$ jet engine is fastened to the fuselage of a passenger jet by just three bolts (this is the usual practice). Assume that each bolt supports one-third of the load. (a) Calculate the force on each bolt as the plane waits in line for clearance to take off. (b) During flight, the plane encounters turbulence, which suddenly imparts an upward vertical acceleration of $2.6 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$ to the plane. Calculate the force on each bolt now.

Averell Hause
Averell Hause
Carnegie Mellon University
03:53

Problem 54

A worker drags a crate across a factory floor by pulling on a rope tied to the crate (Fig. 6-60). The worker exerts a force of $450 \mathrm{~N}$ on the rope, which is inclined at $38^{\circ}$ to the horizontal, and the floor exerts a horizontal force of $125 \mathrm{~N}$ that opposes the motion. Calculate the magnitude of the acceleration of the crate if (a) its mass is $310 \mathrm{~kg}$ or $(\mathrm{b})$ its weight is $310 \mathrm{~N}$.

Stephen Zaffke
Stephen Zaffke
Numerade Educator
03:27

Problem 55

A motorcycle and $60.0 \mathrm{~kg}$ rider accelerate at $3.0 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$ up a ramp inclined $10^{\circ}$ above the horizontal. (a) What is the magnitude of the net force acting on the rider? (b) What is the magnitude of the force on the rider from the motorcycle?

Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Numerade Educator
05:03

Problem 56

A block of mass $m_{A}$ $=3.70 \mathrm{~kg}$ on a frictionless inclined plane of angle $30.0^{\circ}$ is connected by a cord over a massless, frictionless pulley to a second block of mass $m_{B}=2.30$ $\mathrm{kg}$ hanging vertically (Fig. 6-61). What are (a) the magnitude of the acceleration of each block and (b) the direction of the acceleration of the hanging block? (c) What is the tension in the cord?

Stephen Zaffke
Stephen Zaffke
Numerade Educator
07:10

Problem 57

In Fig. 6-62, a $1.0 \mathrm{~kg}$ pencil box on a $30^{\circ}$ frictionless incline is connected to a $3.0 \mathrm{~kg}$ pen box on a horizontal frictionless $\quad$ surface. The pulley is frictionless and massless. (a) If the magnitude of the applied force $F$ is $2.3 \mathrm{~N}$, what is the tension in the connecting cord? (b) What is the largest value that the magnitude of $\vec{F}$ may have without the connecting cord becoming slack?

Stephen Zaffke
Stephen Zaffke
Numerade Educator
01:41

Problem 58

A block is projected up a frictionless inclined plane with initial speed $v_{1}=3.50 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$. The angle of incline is $\theta=32.0^{\circ}$. (a) How far up the plane does it go? (b) How long does it take to get there? (c) What is its speed when it gets back to the bottom?

Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Numerade Educator
04:38

Problem 59

In earlier days, horses pulled barges down canals in the manner shown in Fig. 6-63. Suppose the horse pulls on the rope with a force of $7900 \mathrm{~N}$ at an angle of $18^{\circ}$ to the direction of motion of the barge, which is headed straight along the canal. The mass of the barge is $9500 \mathrm{~kg}$, and its acceleration is $0.12 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$. What are the (a) magnitude and (b) direction of the force on the barge from the water?

Stephen Zaffke
Stephen Zaffke
Numerade Educator
04:23

Problem 60

In Fig. 6-64, a $5.00 \mathrm{~kg}$ block is pulled along a horizontal frictionless floor by a cord that exerts a force of magnitude $F=12.0 \mathrm{~N}$ at an angle $\theta$ $=25.0^{\circ}$ above the horizontal. (a) What is the magnitude of the block's acceleration? (b) The force magnitude $F$ is slowly increased. What is its value just before the block is lifted (completely) off the floor? (c) What is the magnitude of the block's acceleration just before it is lifted (completely) off the floor?

Stephen Zaffke
Stephen Zaffke
Numerade Educator
02:32

Problem 61

A block of mass $M$ is pulled along a horizontal frictionless surface by a rope of mass $m$, as shown in Fig. $6-65 .$ A horizontal force $\vec{F}$ is applied to one end of the rope. (a) Show that the rope must sag, even if only by an imperceptible amount. Then, assuming the sag is negligible, find (b) the acceleration of rope and block, (c) the force on the block from the rope, and (d) the tension in the rope at its midpoint.

Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Numerade Educator
02:45

Problem 62

In Fig. 6-66, a $100 \mathrm{~kg}$ crate is pushed at constant speed up the frictionless $30.0^{\circ}$ ramp by a horizontal force $\vec{F}$. What are the magnitudes of (a) $\vec{F}$ and (b) the force on the crate from the ramp?

Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Numerade Educator
02:37

Problem 63

Figure $6-67$ shows a section of an alpine cable-car system. The maximum permissible mass of each car with occupants is $2800 \mathrm{~kg}$. The cars, riding on a support cable, are pulled by a second cable attached to each pylon (support tower); assume the cables are straight. What is the difference in tension between adjacent sections of pull cable if the cars are at the maximum permissible mass and are being accelerated up the $35^{\circ}$ incline at $0.81 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2} ?$

Stephen Zaffke
Stephen Zaffke
Numerade Educator
01:01

Problem 64

During an Olympic bobsled run, the Jamaican team makes a turn of radius $7.6 \mathrm{~m}$ at a speed of $96.6 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}$. What is their acceleration in $g$ -units? $(1 g$ -unit $=$ $\left.9.8 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2} .\right)$

Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Numerade Educator
01:40

Problem 65

Suppose the coefficient of static friction between the road and the tires on a Formula One car is $0.6$ during a Grand Prix auto race. What speed will put the car on the verge of sliding as it rounds a level curve of $30.5 \mathrm{~m}$ radius?

Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Numerade Educator
02:21

Problem 66

A roller-coaster car has a mass of $1200 \mathrm{~kg}$ when fully loaded with passengers. As the car passes over the top of a circular hill of radius $18 \mathrm{~m}$, its speed is not changing. What are the magnitude and direction of the force of the track on the car at the top of the hill if the car's speed is (a) $11 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$ and (b) $14 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$ ?

Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Numerade Educator
01:43

Problem 67

What is the smallest radius of an unbanked (flat) track around which a bicyclist can travel if her speed is $29 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}$ and the coefficient of static friction between tires and track is $0.32$ ?

Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Numerade Educator
03:50

Problem 68

An amusement park ride consists of a car moving in a vertical circle on the end of a rigid boom of negligible mass. The combined weight of the car and riders is $5.0 \mathrm{kN}$, and the radius of the circle is $10 \mathrm{~m}$. What are the magnitude and direction of the force of the boom on the car at the top of the circle if the car's speed there is (a) $5.0 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$ and (b) $12 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$ ?

Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Numerade Educator
02:35

Problem 69

A puck of mass $m$ slides on a frictionless table while attached to a hanging cylinder of mass $M$ by a cord through a hole in the table (Fig. 6-68). What speed keeps the cylinder at rest?

Stephen Zaffke
Stephen Zaffke
Numerade Educator
01:15

Problem 70

A bicyclist travels in a circle of radius $25.0 \mathrm{~m}$ at a constant speed of $9.00 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$. The bicycle-rider mass is $85.0 \mathrm{~kg} .$ Calculate the magnitudes of (a) the force of friction on the bicycle from the road and (b) the total force on the bicycle from the road.

Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Numerade Educator
07:19

Problem 71

A student of weight $667 \mathrm{~N}$ rides a steadily rotating Ferris wheel (the student sits upright). At the highest point, the magnitude of the normal force $\vec{N}$ on the student from the seat is $556 \mathrm{~N}$. (a) Does the student feel "light" or "heavy" there? (b) What is the magnitude of $\vec{N}$ at the lowest point? (c) What is the magnitude $N$ if the wheel's speed is doubled?

Stephen Zaffke
Stephen Zaffke
Numerade Educator
01:52

Problem 72

An old streetcar rounds a flat corner of radius $9.1 \mathrm{~m}$, at $16 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}$. What angle with the vertical will be made by the loosely hanging hand straps?

Averell Hause
Averell Hause
Carnegie Mellon University
04:02

Problem 73

An airplane is flying in a horizontal circle at a speed of $480 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}$. If its wings are tilted $40^{\circ}$ to the horizontal, what is the radius of the circle in which the plane is flying? (See Fig. 6-69.) Assume that the required force is provided entirely by an "aerodynamic lift" that is perpendicular to the wing surface.

Stephen Zaffke
Stephen Zaffke
Numerade Educator
01:33

Problem 74

A high-speed railway car goes around a flat, horizontal circle of radius $470 \mathrm{~m}$ at a constant speed. The magnitudes of the horizontal and vertical components of the force of the car on a $51.0 \mathrm{~kg}$ passenger are $210 \mathrm{~N}$ and $500 \mathrm{~N}$, respectively. (a) What is the magnitude of the net force (of all the forces) on the passenger?
(b) What is the speed of the car?

Averell Hause
Averell Hause
Carnegie Mellon University
07:46

Problem 75

As shown in Fig. 6-70, a $1.34 \mathrm{~kg}$ ball is connected by means of two massless strings to a vertical, rotating rod. The strings are tied to the rod and are taut. The tension in the upper string is $35 \mathrm{~N}$. (a) Draw the free-body diagram for the ball. What are (b) the tension in the lower string, (c) the net force on the ball, and (d) the speed of the ball?

Stephen Zaffke
Stephen Zaffke
Numerade Educator
07:34

Problem 76

A $2.0 \mathrm{~kg}$ block and a $1.0 \mathrm{~kg}$ block are connected by a string and are pushed across a horizontal surface by a force applied to the $1.0 \mathrm{~kg}$ block as shown in Fig. 6-71. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the blocks and the horizontal surface is $0.20 .$ If the magnitude of $\vec{F}$ is $20 \mathrm{~N}$, what is the tension in the string that connects the blocks?

Stephen Zaffke
Stephen Zaffke
Numerade Educator
03:00

Problem 77

If a car goes through a curve too fast, the car tends to slide out of the curve, as discussed in Touchstone Example $6-8 .$ For a banked curve with friction, a frictional force acts on a fast car to oppose the tendency to slide out of the curve; the force is directed down the bank (in the direction in which water would drain). Consider a circular curve of radius $R=200 \mathrm{~m}$ and bank angle $\theta$, where the coefficient of static friction between tires and pavement is $\mu^{\text {stat }}$. A car is driven around the curve as shown in Fig. $6-72 .$ (a) Find an expression for the car speed $v^{\max }$ that puts the car on the verge of sliding out. (b) On the same graph, plot $v^{\max }$ versus angle $\theta$ for the range $0^{\circ}$ to $50^{\circ}$, first for $\mu^{\text {stat }}=0.60$ (dry pavement) and then for $\mu^{\text {stat }}=0.050$ (wet or icy pavement). In kilometers per hour, evaluate $v^{\max }$ for a bank angle of $\theta=10^{\circ}$ and for (c) $\mu^{\text {stat }}=0.60$ and (d) $\mu^{\text {stat }}=0.050 .$ (Now you can see why accidents occur in highway curves when wet or icy conditions are not obvious to drivers, who tend to drive at normal speeds.)

Manish Jain
Manish Jain
Numerade Educator
01:08

Problem 78

In the early afternoon, a car is parked on a street that runs down a steep hill, at an angle of $35.0^{\circ}$ relative to the horizontal. Just then the coefficient of static friction between the tires and the street surface is $0.725 .$ Later, after nightfall, a sleet storm hits the area, and the coefficient decreases due to both the ice and a chemical change in the road surface because of the temperature decrease. By what percentage must the coefficient decrease if the car is to be in danger of sliding down the street?

Averell Hause
Averell Hause
Carnegie Mellon University
01:58

Problem 79

While traveling, I passed through Charles de Gaulle Airport in Paris, France. The airport has some interesting devices, including a "people mover"-a moving strip of rubber like a horizontal escalator without steps. It became interesting when the mover entered a plastic tube bent up at an angle to take me to the next terminal. I managed to get a photograph of it (Fig. 6-73). If you were building this people mover for the architect, what material would you choose for the surface of the moving strip? (Hint: You want to be sure that people standing on the strip do not tend to slide down it. Figure out what coefficient of friction you need to keep from sliding down and then look up coefficients of friction in tables in reference books to get a material appropriate for the slipperiest shoes.)

Manish Jain
Manish Jain
Numerade Educator
05:35

Problem 80

You testify as an expert witness in a case involving an accident in which car $A$ slid into the rear of car $B$, which was stopped at a red light along a road headed down a hill (Fig. 6-74). You find that the slope of the hill is $\theta=12.0^{\circ}$, that the cars were separated by distance $d=24.0 \mathrm{~m}$ when the driver of car $A$ put the car into a slide (it lacked any automatic anti-brake-lock system), and that the speed of car $A$ at the onset of braking was $v_{1}=18.0 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$. With what speed did car $A$ hit car $B$ if the coefficient of kinetic friction was (a) $0.60$ (dry road surface) and (b) $0.10$ (road surface covered with wet leaves)?

Stephen Zaffke
Stephen Zaffke
Numerade Educator
02:34

Problem 81

Luggage is transported from one location to another in an airport by a conveyor belt. At a certain location, the belt moves down an incline that makes an angle of $2.5^{\circ}$ with the horizontal. Assume that with such a slight angle there is no slipping of the luggage. Determine the magnitude and direction of the frictional force by the belt on a box weighing $69 \mathrm{~N}$ when the box is on the inclined portion of the belt for the following situations: (a) The belt is stationary. (b) The belt has a speed of $0.65 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$ that is constant. (c) The belt has a speed of $0.65 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$ that is increasing at a rate of $0.20 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$. (d) The belt has a speed of $0.65 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$ that is decreasing at a rate of $0.20 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$. (e) The belt has a speed of $0.65 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$ that is increasing at a rate of $0.57 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$.

Manish Jain
Manish Jain
Numerade Educator
01:18

Problem 82

A bolt is threaded onto one end of a thin horizontal rod, and the rod is then rotated horizontally about its other end. An engineer monitors the motion by flashing a strobe lamp onto the rod and bolt, adjusting the strobe rate until the bolt appears to be in the same eight places during each full rotation of the rod (Fig. 6-75). The strobe rate is 2000 flashes per second; the bolt has mass $30 \mathrm{~g}$ and is at radius $3.5 \mathrm{~cm}$. What is the magnitude of the force on the bolt from the rod?

Averell Hause
Averell Hause
Carnegie Mellon University
02:18

Problem 83

a $4.10 \mathrm{~kg}$ block is pushed along a floor by a constant applied force that is horizontal and has a magnitude of $40.0$ N. Figure $6-76$ gives the block's speed $v$ versus time $t$ as the block moves along an $x$ axis on the floor. What is the coefficient of kinetic friction between the block and the floor?

Stephen Zaffke
Stephen Zaffke
Numerade Educator
04:40

Problem 84

Figure $6-77$ shows a multiple exposure strobe photograph of a ball rolling on a horizontal table. The image marked with a heavy arrow occurs at time $t=0$ and the ball moves to the right at that instant. Each image of the ball occurs $1 / 30 \mathrm{~s}$ later than the one immediately to its left. Using the coordinate system shown in Fig. 6-77, sketch qualitatively accurate (i.e., we don't care about the values but we do care about the shape) graphs of each of the following variables as a function of time: $x$ coordinate, $y$ coordinate, $x$ -component of velocity, $y$ -component of velocity, $x$ -component of the net force on the ball, and $y$ -component of the net force on the ball. The time at which the "kink" in the path occurs is $t=t_{1} .$ Be sure to note this important time on your graphs.

Stephen Zaffke
Stephen Zaffke
Numerade Educator
01:46

Problem 85

Figure $6-78$ shows a multiple-exposure photograph of a ball rolling up an inclined plane. (The ball is rolling in the dark, the camera lens is held open, and a brief flash occurs every $3 / 4$ sec, four times in total.) The leftmost ball corresponds to an instant just after the ball was released. The rightmost ball is at the highest point the ball reaches.
(a) Copy this picture on your paper. Draw an arrow at each of the four ball locations to indicate the velocity of the ball at that instant. Make the relative lengths of the arrows indicate the relative magnitudes of the velocities. Explain what is happening ("tell the story" of the picture).
(b) For the instant of time when the ball is at the second position shown from the left, draw a free-body diagram for the ball and indicate all forces acting on it.
(c) If your force diagram doesn't include an arrow pointing up the ramp, explain why the ball keeps rolling up the ramp.
(d) If the mass of the ball is $m$, what is its acceleration?
(e) If the angle $\theta$ is equal to $30^{\circ}$, how long is the distance $s$ ?

Manish Jain
Manish Jain
Numerade Educator
01:00

Problem 86

(a) Suppose you were to push on a bowling ball on a smooth floor at a $45^{\circ}$ angle as shown in Fig. 6-79a and then leave it alone to roll. Sketch a graph frame like that shown in Fig. $6-79 a$, and then sketch a prediction of the ball's motion both before and after you stop pushing. Note on your graph the point at which you stop pushing and explain the basis for your prediction.
(b) If the initial speed of the ball is $3.5 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$, what is the magnitude of the $x$ -component of velocity, $v_{1 x} ?$ Is it positive or negative? What is $v_{1 y} ?$ Is it positive or negative?
(c) Suppose you and your partner were to tap the ball very rapidly. Each set of taps is at right angles to the other as shown in Fig. 6-79b. Sketch a graph frame like that shown in Fig. $6-79 b$, and sketch a prediction of the ball's motion on your graph. Explain the basis for your prediction.
(d) Suppose a rocket ship is thrust from a tower at a constant acceleration that has a magnitude of about $9.8 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$ in the $x$ direction and is allowed to fall freely toward Earth in the $y$ direction. Sketch a graph frame like that shown in Fig. $6-79 c$, and sketch a prediction of the rocket's motion on your graph. Explain the basis for your prediction.

Manish Jain
Manish Jain
Numerade Educator
05:14

Problem 87

Wanda is working out with weights and manages to lift a light rope with a $10 \mathrm{~kg}$ mass hanging from it. When she is through lifting the right side of the rope and the left side of the rope each make an angle of $\theta=15^{\circ}$ with respect to the horizontal. See Fig. 6-80.
(a) Draw a free-body diagram showing the forces on the midpoint of the rope (where it is the lowest).
(b) What are the magnitudes of each of her pulling forces $\vec{F}_{A}$ and $\vec{F}_{B}$ ?
(c) How hard would Wanda have to pull with each hand to raise the $10 \mathrm{~kg}$ mass so that the rope becomes perfectly horizontal?

Stephen Zaffke
Stephen Zaffke
Numerade Educator
02:03

Problem 88

The race track shown in Fig. $6-81$ has two straight sections connected by semicircular ends. A car is traveling in a clockwise direction around the track at a constant speed. Assume that air resistance is negligible. Draw three sketches of the race track.
(a) On the first sketch show the velocity vector at each of the numbered points $1-4 .$ Make the relative lengths of the vectors consistent with the relative magnitudes of the velocity at the four points.
(b) On the second sketch show the acceleration vectors at each of the numbered points $1-4 .$ Make the relative lengths of the vectors consistent with the relative magnitudes of the acceleration at the four points. Hint: Use the techniques developed in Chapter 5 to draw vectors representing the acceleration or change in velocity.
(c) Horizontal forces are needed to maintain the car's motion around the track. These are provided by road friction and by road forces where the track is banked at the curves. On the third sketch show the vectors representing the required horizontal forces at each of the numbered points $1-4$. Make the relative lengths of the vectors consistent with the relative magnitudes of the force at the four points.

Manish Jain
Manish Jain
Numerade Educator
02:53

Problem 89

Suppose a person exerts a force of $50 \mathrm{~N}$ on one end of a rope as shown in Fig. $6-82$.
(a) What are the magnitude and direction of the force at point $A$ exerted on the rope by the ceiling?
(b) What are the magnitude and direction of the force exerted on the ceiling by the rope? How does the force get transmitted from one end of the rope to the other? What does the stretching of the rope have to do with this?
(c) What are the magnitude and direction of the force the rope exerts on the person's hand at point $B$ ?
(d) Draw a diagram with vector arrows indicating the relative magnitudes and directions of the forces the rope exerts on the ceiling at point $A$ and the force the rope exerts on the person's hand at point $B$.

Manish Jain
Manish Jain
Numerade Educator
02:17

Problem 90

Suppose you push on a flexible piece of stretched fabric with a force of $5.0 \mathrm{~N}$ as shown in Fig. 6- $83 a$. The fabric assembly is fixed and does not move.
(a) What are the direction and magnitude of the normal force exerted back on the finger by the sheet? Is this normal force zero? If not, is it larger, smaller, or the same as the normal force would be if the fabric did not stretch?
(b) Discuss the role the stretching of the fabric plays in regard to this normal force.
(c) Suppose you push in the same way on a wall as shown in Fig. 6-83b. What are the direction and magnitude of the normal force exerted back on the finger by the wall?
(d) Does the wall stretch noticeably? What causes the wall to be able to exert a force on the finger? How does the wall "know" what force to exert back on the hand?

Manish Jain
Manish Jain
Numerade Educator
01:27

Problem 91

Suppose you are sitting in a car that is speeding
up. Assume the car has rear-wheel drive.
(a) Draw free-body diagrams for your own body, the seat in which you are sitting (apart from the car), the car (apart from the seat), and the road surface where the tires and the road interact.
(b) Describe each force in words; show larger forces with longer arrows.
(c) Identify the third-law pairs of forces.
(d) Explain carefully in your own words the origin of the force imparting acceleration to the car.

Manish Jain
Manish Jain
Numerade Educator
02:14

Problem 92

One day I was coming home late from work and stopped to pick up a pizza for dinner. I put the pizza box on the dashboard of my car and pushed it forward against the windshield and left against the steering wheel to prevent it from falling. (See Fig. 6-84.) Before I started driving, I realized that the box could still slide to the right or back toward the seat. When driving, do I have to worry more about it sliding when I turn left or when I turn right? Do I have to worry more when I speed up or when I slow down? Explain your answer in terms of the physics you have learned.

Stephen Zaffke
Stephen Zaffke
Numerade Educator
01:30

Problem 93

An old Yiddish joke is told about a farmer in Chelm, a town famous for the lack of wisdom of its inhabitants. One day the farmer was going to the mill to have a bag of wheat ground into flour. He was riding to the mill on his donkey, with the sack of wheat thrown over the donkey's back behind him. On his way, he met a friend. His friend chastised him. "Look at you! You must weigh 200 pounds and that sack of flour must weigh 100 . That's a very small donkey! Together, you're too much weight for him to carry!" On his way to the mill the farmer thought about what his friend had said. On his way home, he passed his friend again, confident that this time the friend would be satisfied. The farmer still rode the donkey, but this time he carried the 100 pound bag of flour on his own shoulder!
Our common sense and intuitions seem to suggest that it doesn't matter how you arrange things; they'll weigh the same. Let's be certain that the Newtonian framework we are developing yields our intuitive result. Analyze the problem by considering the simplified picture shown in Fig. 6-85. Two blocks rest on a scale. One block weighs $10 \mathrm{~N}$, the other $25 \mathrm{~N}$. In case 1 the blocks are arranged on the scale as shown in the figure on the left. In case 2 the blocks are arranged as shown on the right. Each system has come to rest. Analyze the forces on the blocks and on the scale in the two cases by isolating the objects $-$ each block and the scale $-$ and show that according to the principles of Newton's laws, the total force exerted on the scale by both blocks together must be the same in both cases.

Manish Jain
Manish Jain
Numerade Educator
02:13

Problem 94

(a) A worker is trying to pull a pair of heavy crates along the floor with a rope. The rope is attached to the lower crate, which has a mass $M$. The upper crate has a mass $m$ and the coefficient of static friction between the crate and the floor is $\mu^{\text {stat. }}$ If the rope is held at an angle $\theta$ as shown in Fig. $6-86$, what is the magnitude of the maximum force the worker can exert without the lower crate beginning to slide?
(b) The worker knows that the lower crate has a mass of $50 \mathrm{~kg}$ and the upper crate has a mass of $10 \mathrm{~kg}$. She finds that if she pulls with a force of $120 \mathrm{~N}$ at an angle of $60^{\circ}$ she can keep the crates sliding at a constant speed. Can you use this information to find the coefficient of kinetic friction $\mu^{\mathrm{kin}}$ between the lower crate and the floor? If you can, do it. If you can't, explain why not.
(c) In a different situation, she finds that she can pull a lower crate of mass $30 \mathrm{~kg}$ and an upper crate of mass $7.5 \mathrm{~kg}$ with a constant velocity of $50 \mathrm{~cm} / \mathrm{s}$ pulling at an angle of $45^{\circ} .$ Can you use this information to find the coefficient of kinetic friction $\mu^{\mathrm{kin}}$ between the lower crate and the floor? If you can, do it. If you can't, explain why not.

Manish Jain
Manish Jain
Numerade Educator
01:35

Problem 95

A student, whom we will call Bill, was about to go out on a date when his roommate, Bob, asked him to hold a pail against the ceiling with a broom for a moment. After Bill complied, the roommate mentioned that the pail was filled with water and left. See Fig. $6-87$.
(a) Draw a free-body diagram showing all the forces acting on the pail. For each force, be sure you identify the kind of force and the object whose interaction with the pail is responsible for the force.
(b) Suppose Bill wants to slide the pail a few feet to one side so he can get to a chair in the room. Are there any other forces not specified in your answer to part (a) that become relevant?
(c) Suppose the pail weighs 1 pound, it has 6 pounds of water in it, the maximum coefficient of static friction $\mu_{\text {broom }}$ between the broom and pail is $0.3$, and the maximum coefficient of static friction $\mu_{\text {ceiling }}^{\text {stat }}$ between the pail and the ceiling is $0.5 .$ Can Bill slide the pail? Explain.

Manish Jain
Manish Jain
Numerade Educator
04:56

Problem 96

A large block is resting on the table. On top of that block rests another, smaller block, as shown in Fig. 6-88. You press on the larger block to start it moving. After about $0.25$ s, it is moving at a constant speed and the block on the top is not slipping.
(a) Draw a labeled free-body diagram for the two blocks $d u r$ ing the time when they are accel. erating, specifying all the forces acting on the blocks. (Be sure to specify the type of force and the object causing each force.) Wherever you can, compare the magnitudes of forces.
(b) Draw a labeled free-body diagram for the two blocks during the time when they are moving at a constant speed, specifying all the forces acting on the blocks. (Be sure to specify the type of force and the object causing each force.) Wherever you can, compare the magnitudes of forces.
(c) Suppose the bottom block has a mass of $0.4 \mathrm{~kg}$ and the coefficient of friction between the block and the table is $0.3$. The top block has a mass of $0.1 \mathrm{~kg}$ and the coefficient of friction between the two blocks is $0.2$. What force do you need to exert to keep the blocks moving at a constant speed of $10 \mathrm{~cm} / \mathrm{s} ?$ (You may use $g=$ $10 \mathrm{~N} / \mathrm{kg}$ and you may treat kinetic and static friction as the same.)

Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Manish Kumar ( Iit K )
Numerade Educator
01:29

Problem 97

George left the lights on in his truck while at a truck stop in Kansas and his battery went dead. Fortunately, his friend $\mathrm{Al}$ is there, although $\mathrm{Al}$ is driving his Geo Metro. Since the road is very flat, George is able to convince $\mathrm{Al}$ to give his truck a long, slow push to get it up to 20 miles/hour. At this speed, George can engage the truck's clutch and the truck's engine should start up. (See Fig. 6-89.)
(a) Al begins to push the truck. It takes him 5 minutes to get the truck up to a speed of 20 miles/hour. Draw separate free-body diagrams for the Geo and for the truck during the time that Al's Geo is pushing the truck. List all the horizontal forces in order by $\mathrm{mag}$ nitude from largest to smallest. If any are equal, state that explicitly. Explain your reasoning.
(b) If the truck is accelerating uniformly over the 5 minutes, how far does Al have to push the truck before George can engage the clutch?
(c) Suppose the mass of the truck is $4000 \mathrm{~kg}$, the mass of the car is $800 \mathrm{~kg}$, and the coefficient of static friction between the vehicles and the road is $0.1$. At one instant when they are trying to get the truck moving, the car is pushing the truck and exerting a force of $1000 \mathrm{~N}$, but neither vehicle moves. What is the static frictional force between the truck and the road? Explain your reasoning.

Manish Jain
Manish Jain
Numerade Educator
01:22

Problem 98

A young man is pushing a baby carriage at a constant velocity along a level street. A friend comes by to chat and the young man lets go of the carriage. It rolls on for a bit, slows, and comes to a stop. At time $t=0$ the young man is walking with a constant velocity. At time $t_{1}$ he releases the carriage. At time $t_{2}$ the carriage comes to rest. Sketch qualitatively accurate (i.e., we don't care about the values but we do care about the shape) graphs of each of the following variables versus time:
(a) position of the carriage, (b) velocity of the carriage, (c) acceleration of the carriage, (d) net force on the carriage, (e) force the man exerts on the carriage, (f) force of friction on the carriage. Be sure to note the important times $t=0, t_{1}$, and $t_{2}$ on the time axes of your graphs. Take the positive direction to be the direction in which the man was initially walking.

Manish Jain
Manish Jain
Numerade Educator
01:30

Problem 99

Students in a school rocketry club have prepared a two-stage rocket. The rocket has two small engines. The first will fire for a time, getting the rocket up partway. Then the firststage engine drops off, revealing a second engine. After a little time, that engine will fire and take the rocket up even higher.
The rocket starts firing its engines at a time $t=0$. From that instant, it begins to move upward with a constant acceleration. This continues until time $t_{1} .$ The rocket drops the first stage and continues upward briefly until time $t_{2}$, at which point the second stage begins to fire and the rocket again accelerates upward, this time with a larger (but again constant) acceleration. Sometime during this second period of acceleration, our recording apparatus stops.
Sketch qualitatively accurate (i.e., we don't care about the values but we do care about the shape) graphs of the height of the rocket, $y$, its velocity, $v_{y}$, its acceleration, $a_{v}$, the force on the rocket that results from the firing of the engine, $\vec{F}_{y}$, and the net force on the rocket, $\vec{F}_{v}^{\text {net }}$. Take the positive direction as upward. Be sure to note times $t=0, t_{1}$, and $t_{2}$ on the time axes of your graphs.

Manish Jain
Manish Jain
Numerade Educator
03:17

Problem 100

A worker is pushing a cart along the floor. At first, the worker has to push hard in order to get the cart moving. After a while, it is easier to push. Finally, the worker has to pull back on the cart in order to bring it to a stop before it hits the wall. The force exerted by the worker on the cart is purely horizontal. Take the direction the worker is going as positive.
Figure $6-90$ shows graphs of some of the physical variables of the problem. Match the graphs with the variables in the list at the left below. You may use a graph more than once or not at all. Note:
The time axes are to the same scale, but the ordinates $y$ axes are not.
(a) Friction force
(b) Force exerted by the worker
(c) Net force
(d) Acceleration
(e) Velocity

Stephen Zaffke
Stephen Zaffke
Numerade Educator
01:24

Problem 101

Consider a metal sphere two inches in diameter and a feather. For each quantity in the list below, indicate the relation between the quantity for the sphere and feather. Is it the same, greater, or lesser? Explain in each case why you gave the answer you did.
(a) The gravitational force
(b) The time it will take to fall a given distance in air
(c) The time it will take to fall a given distance in vacuum
(d) The total force on the object when falling in vacuum
(e) The total force on the object when falling in air

Manish Jain
Manish Jain
Numerade Educator
02:45

Problem 102

A golfer is trying to hit a golf ball onto the green as shown in Fig. 6-91. The green is a horizontal distance $s$ from his tee and it is up on the side of a hill a height $h$ above his tee. When he strikes the ball it leaves the tee at an angle $\theta$ to the horizontal. He wants to know with what speed, $v_{1}$, the ball must leave the tee in order to reach the height $h$ at the distance $s$.
(a) Once he has struck the ball, what controls its motion? Write the equations that determine the vector acceleration of the golf ball afler it leaves the tee. Be sure to specify your coordinate system. For this part of the problem you may ignore air resistance.
(b) Solve the equations you have written in (a) to obtain expressions that can be evaluated to give the position of the ball at any time, $t$.
(c) If the golfer wants his ball to land in the right place, he must hit it so that it leaves the tee with the right speed. Explain how he can calculate it. (Again, you may ignore air resistance.) Find an equation for the initial speed in terms of the problem's givens.
(d) If the ball leaves the tee at an angle of $30^{\circ}, s=100 \mathrm{~m}$, and $h=$ $10 \mathrm{~m}$, find the speed with which the ball leaves the tee.
(e) Now consider the effect of air resistance. Suppose that a good model for the force of air resistance is Newton's drag law,
$$\vec{F}=-b|\vec{v}| \vec{v}$$
where $|\vec{v}|$ is the speed and $b$ is a constant. Consider three points on the ball's trajectory: halfway up, at its highest point, and halfway down. Discuss the direction of the resistance force at each point. Qualitatively (do not attempt a calculation!), what will the effect of air resistance be on the ball's motion?

Manish Jain
Manish Jain
Numerade Educator
01:42

Problem 103

We know that as an object passes through the air, the air exerts a resistive force on it. Suppose we have a spherical object of radius $R$ and mass $m$. What might the force plausibly depend on?
- It might depend on the properties of the object. The only ones that seem relevant are $m$ and $R$.
- It might depend on the object's coordinate and its derivatives:
$\vec{r}, \vec{v}, \vec{a}, \ldots$
- It might depend on the properties of the air, such as the density, $\rho$.
(a) Explain why it is plausible that the force the air exerts on a sphere depends on $R$ but implausible that it depends on $m$.
(b) Explain why it is plausible that the force the air exerts depends on the object's speed through it, $|\vec{v}|$, but not on its position, $\vec{r}$, or acceleration, $\vec{a}$.
(c) Dimensional analysis is the use of units (e.g., meters, seconds, or newtons) associated with quantities to reason about the relationship between the quantities. Using dimensional analysis, construct a plausible form for the force that air exerts on a spherical body moving through it.

Manish Jain
Manish Jain
Numerade Educator
01:30

Problem 104

The use of counterweights to help devices move up and down with a minimum of effort is common in engineering. For example, counterweights are used to help people open and close old-fashioned windows and to move up and down in elevators. Imagine that an engineer working for the Disney Epcot Center is asked to design a ride that allows people to travel up and down a sloped hill to get a view of the entire Epcot Center while other tourists move straight up and down an artificial cliff on the other side of the incline. Our engineer builds a small prototype of his device using a low-friction cart on an inclined track attached to a falling mass. His goal is to see whether he can actually apply Newton's laws to this situation and if it is okay to neglect the effects of friction.
In this exercise you will analyze data collected from a digital movie of the situation discussed above and shown in Fig. 692a. If you have access to VideoPoint you can view the digital movie yourself. It is entitled PASCO098. Your instructor may provide you with a different but similar movie. The cart in PASCO098 has a mass $m_{\mathrm{c}}=.510 \mathrm{~kg}$ and is accelerated up a ramp that has a $21^{\circ}$ incline. A string attached to the cart exerts a force on it. The string transmits a force to the cart because its other end is attached by means of a pulley to a falling mass of $m_{\mathrm{f}}=.184$ $\mathrm{kg}$.
Table $6-3$ contains position vs. time measurements for the cart in PASCO098 along an $x$ axis. The $x$ axis is rotated from the horizontal direction so that it lies along the ramp. Using these data you can determine the acceleration, if any, of the cart. (It is best to enter the data into a spreadsheet for analysis.) Finally, you will use Newton's laws along with the information on the angle of the incline and the masses of the cart and the falling mass to determine (theoretically) what the acceleration of the cart is. Our goal is to determine whether the theoretically calculated motion and the actual motion (as described by the data in Table 6-3) agree.
(a) Enter the data in Table $6-3$ into a spreadsheet program. Determine what kind of motion the cart experiences. Is it a constant velocity? If so what are the magnitude and direction of the velocity? Is the motion a constant acceleration? If so, what are the magnitude and direction of the acceleration? (You may want to use equation-fitting software in answering this question). Cite the evidence that leads you to give the answers you did.
(b) What is the value of the net force on the cart in the $x$ direction (along the incline)?
(c) Sketch a diagram of the cart like that shown in Fig. $6-92 b .$ Draw a free-body diagram showing the di(d) Consider the situation in which the cart and falling mass move with a constant velocity. Choose a coordinate system in which the positive $x$ axis is directed up along the ramp (rotated from the horizontal). Assume that there is no friction in the pulley or cart bearings! Show that by taking components of these forces along the $x$ axis the magnitude, $F_{x}^{\text {net }}$, of the net force on the cart in the $x$ direction, can be calculated using the equation
$$F_{x}^{\text {net }}=T-m_{\mathrm{c}} g \sin \theta=0$$
where the gravitational constant, $g$, is $+9.8 \mathrm{~N} / \mathrm{kg}$.
(e) Assume that since the cart and falling mass are connected by the string they have the same magnitude of velocity. Also assume that the tension in the string is the same at all points along the string so that the magnitude of the string force at point $A$ on the cart is the same as the magnitude of the string force at point $B$ on the falling mass. Show that if the net force on the falling mass is zero, then $T-F^{\text {grav }}=0$, where $F^{\text {grav }}=m_{\mathrm{f}} g$.
(f) Use the equations you derived in parts (d) and (e) to show that if the velocity of the cart and falling mass system are constant, then theoretically $m_{\mathrm{f}} g$ ought to equal $m_{\mathrm{c}} g \sin \theta$.
(g) Use the given values of $m_{\mathrm{c}}$ and $m_{\mathrm{f}}$ (also available on the title screen of the PASCO098 movie) along with the angle of the incline to verify that $m_{\mathrm{f}} g$ and $m_{\mathrm{c}} g \sin \theta$ have the same values to two significant digits. This equality, if it exists, confirms the agreement between theory and experiment.
(h) Also discuss why the answers should only be good to two significant figures.

Manish Jain
Manish Jain
Numerade Educator