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University Physics with Modern Physics

Hugh D. Young

Chapter 39

Particles Behaving as Waves - all with Video Answers

Educators

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Chapter Questions

02:01

Problem 1

An electron moves with a speed of $4.70 \times 10^{6} \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ . \right. What is its de Broglie wavelength? (b) A proton moves with the same speed. Determine its de Broglie wavelength.

Elan Stopnitzky
Elan Stopnitzky
Numerade Educator
03:10

Problem 2

For crystal diffraction experiments (discussed in Section 39.1$)$ , wavelengths on the order of 0.20 $\mathrm{nm}$ are often appropriate. Find the energy in electron volts for a particle with this wavelength if the particle is (a) a photon; (b) an electron; (c) an alpha particle $\left(m=6.64 \times 10^{-27} \mathrm{kg}\right) .$

Christopher Provencher
Christopher Provencher
Numerade Educator
01:53

Problem 3

An electron has a de Broglie wavelength of $2.80 \times 10^{-10} \mathrm{m}$ . Determine (a) the magnitude of its momentum and (b) its kinetic energy (in joules and in electron volts).

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
02:25

Problem 4

Wavelength of an Alpha Particle. An alpha particle $\left(m=6.64 \times 10^{-27} \mathrm{kg}\right)$ emitted in the radioactive decay of uranium-238 has an energy of 4.20 $\mathrm{MeV} .$ What is its de Broglie wavelength?

Christopher Provencher
Christopher Provencher
Numerade Educator
07:22

Problem 5

In the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, what is the de Broglie wavelength for the electron when it is in (a) the $n=1$ level and (b) the $n=4$ level? In each case, compare the de Broglie wavelength to the circumference 2$\pi r_{n}$ of the orbit.

Katie Mcalpine
Katie Mcalpine
Numerade Educator
02:32

Problem 6

(a) A nonrelativistic free particle with mass $m$ has kinetic energy $K .$ Derive an expression for the de Broglie wavelength of the particle in terms of $m$ and $K .$ (b) What is the de Broglie wavelength of an 800 -eV electron?

Christopher Provencher
Christopher Provencher
Numerade Educator
02:51

Problem 7

Why Don't $W e$ Diffract? (a) Calculate the de Broglie wavelength of a typical person walking through a doorway. Make reasonable approximations for the necessary quantities. (b) Will the person in part (a) exhibit wavelike behavior when walking through the "single slit" of a doorway? Why?

Ren Jie Tuieng
Ren Jie Tuieng
Numerade Educator
03:13

Problem 8

What is the de Broglie wavelength for an electron with speed (a) $v=0.480 c$ and $v=0.960 c ?$ (Hint: Use the correct relativistic expression for linear momentum if necessary.)

Ren Jie Tuieng
Ren Jie Tuieng
Numerade Educator
06:54

Problem 9

(a) If a photon and an electron each have the same energy of 20.0 eV, find the wavelength of each. (b) If a photon and anelectron each have the same wavelength of 250 $\mathrm{nm}$ , find the energy
of each. (c) You want to study an organic molecule that is about 250 $\mathrm{nm}$ long using either a photon or an electron microscope .Approximately what wavelength should you use, and which probe,
the electron or the photon, is likely to damage the molecule the least?

Ren Jie Tuieng
Ren Jie Tuieng
Numerade Educator
01:25

Problem 10

How fast would an electron have to move so that its de Broglie wavelength is 1.00 $\mathrm{mm}$ ?

Ajay Singhal
Ajay Singhal
Numerade Educator
01:00

Problem 11

Wavelength of a Bullet. Calculate the de Broglie wavelength of a 5.00 -g bullet that is moving at 340 $\mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ . Will the bullet exhibit wavelike properties?

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
02:30

Problem 12

Find the wavelengths of a photon and an electron that have the same energy of 25 eV. (Note: The energy of the electron is its kinetic energy.)

Ren Jie Tuieng
Ren Jie Tuieng
Numerade Educator
03:57

Problem 13

( a) What accelerating potential is needed to produce electrons of wavelength 5.00 $\mathrm{nm}$ (b) What would be the energy of photons having the same wavelength as these electrons? (c) What would be the wavelength of photons having the same energy as the electrons in part (a)?

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
04:09

Problem 14

Through what potential difference must electrons be accelerated so they will have (a) the same wavelength as an x ray of wavelength 0.150 $\mathrm{nm}$ and (b) the same energy as the x ray in
part (a)?

Ren Jie Tuieng
Ren Jie Tuieng
Numerade Educator
04:33

Problem 15

(a) Approximately how fast should an electron move so it has a wavelength that makes it useful to measure the distance between adjacent atoms in typical crystals (about 0.10 $\mathrm{nm} ) ?$ (b) What is the kinetic energy of the electron in part (a)? (c) What would be the energy of a photon of the same wavelength as the electron in part (b)? (d) Which would make a more effective probe of small-
scale structures: electrons or photons? Why?

Ren Jie Tuieng
Ren Jie Tuieng
Numerade Educator
04:55

Problem 16

A beam of electrons is accelerated from rest through a potential difference of 0.100 $\mathrm{kV}$ and then passes through a thin slit. The diffracted beam shows its first diffraction minima at $\pm 11.5^{\circ}$ from the original direction of the beam when viewed far from the slit. (a) Do we need to use relativity formulas? How do you know? (b) How wide is the slit?

Ren Jie Tuieng
Ren Jie Tuieng
Numerade Educator
02:44

Problem 17

A beam of neutrons that all have the same energy scatters from atoms that have a spacing of 0.0910 $\mathrm{nm}$ in the surface plane of a crystal. The $m=1$ intensity maximum occurs when the angle $\theta$ in Fig. 39.2 is $28.6^{\circ} .$ What is the kinetic energy (in electron volts) of each neutron in the beam?

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
08:26

Problem 18

A beam of 188 -eV electrons is directed at normal incidence onto a crystal surface as shown in Fig. 39.3 $\mathrm{b} .$ The $m=2$ intensity maximum occurs at an angle $\theta=60.6^{\circ} .$ (a) What is the spacing between adjacent atoms on the surface? (b) At what other angle or angles is there an intensity maximum? (c) For what electron energy (in electron volts) would the $m=1$ intensity maximum
occur at $\theta=60.6^{\circ} ?$ For this energy, is there an $m=2$ intensity maximum? Explain.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
Numerade Educator
05:25

Problem 19

A CD-ROM is used instead of a crystal in an electron- diffraction experiment. The surface of the CD-ROM has tracks of tiny pits with a uniform spacing of 1.60$\mu \mathrm{m} .$ (a) If the speed of the
electrons is $1.26 \times 10^{4} \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s},$ at which values of $\theta$ will the $m=1$
and $m=2$ intensity maxima appear? (b) The scattered electrons in these maxima strike at normal incidence a piece of photographic film that is 50.0 $\mathrm{cm}$ from the CD-ROM. What is the spacing on the film between these maxima?

Ren Jie Tuieng
Ren Jie Tuieng
Numerade Educator
04:47

Problem 20

(a) In an electron microscope, what accelerating voltage is needed to produce electrons with wavelength 0.0600 nm? (b) If protons are used instead of electrons, what accelerating voltage is needed to produce protons with wavelength 0.0600 $\mathrm{nm}$ ? (Hint: In each case the initial kinetic energy is negligible.)

Christopher Provencher
Christopher Provencher
Numerade Educator
03:30

Problem 21

You want to study a biological specimen by means of a wavelength of $10.0 \mathrm{nm},$ and you have a choice of using electro-magnetic waves or an electron microscope. (a) Calculate the ratio of the energy of a 10.0 -nm-wavelength photon to the kinetic energy of a $10.0-$ -n-wavelength electron. (b) In view of your answer to part (a), which would be less damaging to the specimen you are studying: photons or electrons?

Ren Jie Tuieng
Ren Jie Tuieng
Numerade Educator
00:34

Problem 22

A 4.78 -MeV alpha particle from a $^{226} \mathrm{Ra}$ decay makes a head-on collision with a uranium nucleus. A uranium nucleus has 92 protons. (a) What is the distance of closest approach of the alpha particle to the center of the nucleus? Assume that the uranium nucleus remains at rest and that the distance of closest approach is much greater than the radius of the uranium nucleus. (b) What is the force on the alpha particle at the instant when it is at the distance of closest approach?

Christopher Provencher
Christopher Provencher
Numerade Educator
03:20

Problem 23

A beam of alpha particles is incident on a target of lead. A particular alpha particle comes in "head-on" to a particular lead nucleus and stops $6.50 \times 10^{-14} \mathrm{m}$ away from the center of the nucleus. This point is well outside the nucleus. Assume that the lead nucleus, which has 82 protons, remains at rest. The mass of the alpha particle is $6.64 \times 10^{-27}$ kg. (a) Calculate the electrostatic potential energy at the instant that the alpha particle stops. Express your result in joules and in MeV. (b) What initial kinetic energy (in joules and in MeV) did the alpha particle have? (c) What
was the initial speed of the alpha particle?

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
01:39

Problem 24

The silicon-silicon single bond that forms the basis of the mythical silicon-based creature the Horta has a bond strength of 3.80 eV. What wavelength of photon would you need in a (mythical) phasor disintegration gun to destroy the Horta?

Christopher Provencher
Christopher Provencher
Numerade Educator
02:21

Problem 25

A hydrogen atom is in a state with energy $-1.51 \mathrm{eV}$ . In the Bohr model, what is the angular momentum of the electron in the atom, with respect to an axis at the nucleus?

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
02:42

Problem 26

A hydrogen atom initially in the ground level absorbs a photon, which excites it to the $n=4$ level. Determine the wavelength and frequency of the photon.

Ren Jie Tuieng
Ren Jie Tuieng
Numerade Educator
09:24

Problem 27

A triply ionized beryllium ion, $\mathrm{Be}^{3+}$ (a beryllium atom with three electrons removed), behaves very much like a hydrogen atom except that the nuclear charge is four times as great. (a) What is the ground-level energy of $\mathrm{Be}^{3+}$ ? How does this compare to the groundlevel energy of the hydrogen atom? (b) What is the ionization energy of $\mathrm{Be}^{3+} ?$ How does this compare to the ionization energy of the hydrogen atom? (c) For the hydrogen atom, the wavelength of the photon emitted in the $n=2$ to $n=1$ transition is 122 nm (see Example 39.6 ). What is the wavelength of the photon emitted when a $\mathrm{Be}^{3+}$ ion undergoes this transition? (d) For a given value of $n$ , how does the radius of an orbit in $\mathrm{Be}^{3+}$ compare to that for hydrogen?

Ren Jie Tuieng
Ren Jie Tuieng
Numerade Educator
05:24

Problem 28

(a) Show that, as $n$ gets very large, the energy levels of the hydrogen atom get closer and closer together in energy. (b) Do the radii of these energy levels also get closer together?

Ren Jie Tuieng
Ren Jie Tuieng
Numerade Educator
04:02

Problem 29

(a) Using the Bohr model, calculate the speed of the electron in a hydrogen atom in the $n=1,2,$ and 3 levels. (b) Calculate the orbital period in each of these levels. (c) The average lifetime of the first excited level of a hydrogen atom is $1.0 \times 10^{-8}$ s. In the Bohr model, how many orbits does an electron in the $n=2$ level complete before returning to the ground level?

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
09:20

Problem 30

The energy-level scheme for the hypothetical one- electron element Searsium is shown in Fig. E39.30. The potential energy is taken to be zero for an electron at an infinite distance from the nucleus.
(a)How much energy (in electron volts) does it take to ionize an electron from the ground level?
(b) An 18 -eV photon is absorbed by a Searsium atom in its ground level. As the atom returns to its
ground level, what possible energies can the emitted photons have? Assume that there can be transitions between all pairs of levels.
(c) What will happen if a photon with an energy of 8 eV strikes a Searsium atom in its ground level? Why? (d) Photons emitted in the Searsium transitions $n=3 \rightarrow n=2$ and $n=3 \rightarrow n=1$ will eject photoelectrons from an unknown metal, but the photon emitted from the transition $n=4 \rightarrow n=3$ will not. What are the limits (maximum and minimum possible values) of the work function of the metal?

Guilherme Barros
Guilherme Barros
Numerade Educator
07:09

Problem 31

In a set of experiments on a hypothetical one-electron atom, you measure the wavelengths of the
photons emitted from transitions ending in the ground state $(n=1),$ as shown in
the energy-level diagram in Fig. E39.31. You also observe that it takes 17.50 eV to ionize this atom.
(a) What is the energy of the atom in each of the levels $(n=1, n=2,$ etc. $)$ shown in the figure? (b) If an electron made a transition from the $n=4$ to the $n=2$ level, what
wavelength of light would it emit?

Meghan Miholics
Meghan Miholics
Numerade Educator
03:19

Problem 32

Find the longest and shortest wavelengths in the Lyman and Paschen series for hydrogen. In what region of the electromagnetic spectrum does each series lie?

Christopher Provencher
Christopher Provencher
Numerade Educator
02:24

Problem 33

(a) An atom initially in an energy level with $E=$ $-6.52 \mathrm{eV}$ absorbs a photon that has wavelength 860 $\mathrm{nm} .$ What is the internal energy of the atom after it absorbs the photon? (b) An atom initially in an energy level with $E=-2.68$ eV emits a photon that has wavelength 420 $\mathrm{nm} .$ What is the internal energy of the atom after it emits the photon?

Ren Jie Tuieng
Ren Jie Tuieng
Numerade Educator
03:28

Problem 34

Use Balmer's formula to calculate (a) the wavelength, (b) the frequency, and (c) the photon energy for the $\mathrm{H}_{\gamma}$ line of the Balmer series for hydrogen.

Katie Mcalpine
Katie Mcalpine
Numerade Educator
02:07

Problem 35

Laser Surgery. Using a mixture of $\mathrm{CO}_{2}, \mathrm{N}_{2},$ and sometimes $\mathrm{He}, \mathrm{CO}_{2}$ lasers emit a wavelength of 10.6$\mu \mathrm{m} .$ At power outputs of $0.100 \mathrm{kW},$ such lasers are used for surgery. How many photons per second does a $\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ laser deliver to the tissue during its use in an operation?

Elan Stopnitzky
Elan Stopnitzky
Numerade Educator
03:55

Problem 36

Removing Birthmarks. Pulsed dye lasers emit light of wavelength 585 nm in 0.45 -ms pulses to remove skin blemishes such as birthmarks. The beam is usually focused onto a circular spot 5.0 $\mathrm{mm}$ in diameter. Suppose that the output of one such laser is 20.0 $\mathrm{W}$ . (a) What is the energy of each photon, in eV? (b) How many photons per square millimeter are delivered to the
blemish during each pulse?

Elan Stopnitzky
Elan Stopnitzky
Numerade Educator
01:58

Problem 37

How many photons per second are emitted by a $7.50-\mathrm{mW}$ $\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ laser that has a wavelength of 10.6$\mu \mathrm{m} ?$

Ren Jie Tuieng
Ren Jie Tuieng
Numerade Educator
03:13

Problem 38

PRK Surgery. Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) is a laser-based surgical procedure that corrects near- and farsightedness by removing part of the lens of the eye to change to change its curvature and hence focal length. This procedure can remove layers 0.25$\mu \mathrm{m}$ thick using pulses lasting 12.0 $\mathrm{ns}$ from a laser beam of wavelength 193 nm. Low-intensity beams can be used because
each individual photon has enough energy to break the covalent bonds of the tissue. (a) In what part of the electromagnetic spectrum does this light lie? (b) What is the energy of a single photon? (c) If a 1.50 -mW beam is used, how many photons are delivered to the lens in each pulse?

Ren Jie Tuieng
Ren Jie Tuieng
Numerade Educator
03:42

Problem 39

A large number of neon atoms are in thermal equilibrium. What is the ratio of the number of atoms in a 5 state to the number in a 3$p$ state at (a) $300 \mathrm{K} ;$ (b) $600 \mathrm{K} ;$ (c) 1200 $\mathrm{K} ?$ The energies of these states, relative to the ground state, are $E_{5 s}=20.66 \mathrm{eV}$ and $E_{3 p}=18.70 \mathrm{eV} .$ (d) At any of these temperatures, the rate at which
a neon gas will spontaneously emit 632.8 -nm radiation is quite low. Explain why.

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
06:10

Problem 40

Figure 39.19 a shows the energy levels of the sodium atom. The two lowest excited levels are shown in columns labeled $^{2} P_{3 / 2}$ and $^{2} P_{1 / 2} .$ Find the ratio of the number of atoms in a $^{2} P_{3 / 2}$ state to the number in a $^{2} P_{1 / 2}$ state for a sodium gas in thermal equilibrium at 500 $\mathrm{K} .$ In which state are more atoms found?

Ren Jie Tuieng
Ren Jie Tuieng
Numerade Educator
03:19

Problem 41

$\mathrm{A} 100-\mathrm{W}$ incandescent light bulb has a cylindrical tungsten filament 30.0 $\mathrm{cm}$ long, 0.40 $\mathrm{mm}$ in diameter, and with an emissivity of $0.26 .$ (a) What is the temperature of the filament? (b) For what wavelength does the spectral emittance of the bulb
peak? (c) Incandescent light bulbs are not very efficient sources of visible light. Explain why this is so.

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
03:06

Problem 42

Determine $\lambda_{\mathrm{m}}$ , the wavelength at the peak of the Planck distribution, and the corresponding frequency $f,$ at these temperatures: (a) $3.00 \mathrm{K} ;$ (b) $300 \mathrm{K} ;$ (c) 3000 $\mathrm{K}$

Christopher Provencher
Christopher Provencher
Numerade Educator
00:51

Problem 43

Radiation has been detected from space that is characteristic of an ideal radiator at $T=2.728 \mathrm{K}$ . This radiation is a relic of the Big Big Bang at the beginning of the universe.) For this temperature, at what wavelength does the Planck distribution peak? In what part of the electromagnetic spectrum is this wavelength?

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
01:40

Problem 44

The shortest visible wavelength is about 400 $\mathrm{nm} .$ What is the temperature of an ideal radiator whose spectral emittance peaks at this wavelength?

Christopher Provencher
Christopher Provencher
Numerade Educator
04:45

Problem 45

Two stars, both of which behave like ideal black bodies, radiate the same total energy per second. The cooler one has a surface temperature $T$ and a diameter 3.0 times that of the hotter star. (a) What is the temperature of the hotter star in terms of $T ?$ (b) What is the ratio of the peak-intensity wavelength of the hot star to the peak-intensity wavelength of the cool star?

Ren Jie Tuieng
Ren Jie Tuieng
Numerade Educator
04:55

Problem 46

Sirius B. The brightest star in the sky is Sirius, the Dog Star. It is actually a binary system of two stars, the smaller one (Sirius B) being a white dwarf. Spectral analysis of Sirius B indicates that its surface temperature is $24,000 \mathrm{K}$ and that it radiates energy at a total rate of $1.0 \times 10^{25} \mathrm{W}$ . Assume that it behaves like an ideal blackbody. (a) What is the total radiated intensity of Sirius B? (b) What is the peak-intensity wavelength'? Is this wavelength visible to humans? (c) What is the radius of Sirius $B ?$ Express your answer in kilometers and as a fraction of our sun's radius. (d) Which star radiates more total energy per second, the hot Sirius $\mathrm{B}$ or the (relatively) cool sun with a surface temperature of 5800 $\mathrm{K} ?$ To find out, calculate the ratio of the total power radiated by our sun to the power radiated by Sirius B.

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
05:55

Problem 47

Blue Supergiants. A typical blue supergiant star (the type that explodes and leaves behind a black hole) has a surface temperature of $30,000 \mathrm{K}$ and a visual luminosity $100,000$ times
that of our sun. Our sun radiates at the rate of $3.86 \times 10^{26} \mathrm{W}$ .(Visual luminosity is the total power radiated at visible wavelengths.) (a) Assuming that this star behaves like an ideal blackbody, what is the principal wavelength it radiates? Is this light visible? Use your answer to explain why these stars are blue. (b) If we assume that the power radiated by the star is also $100,000$ times that of our sun, what is the radius of this star? Compare its size to that of our sun, which has a radius of $6.96 \times 10^{5} \mathrm{km}$ . (c) Is it really correct to say that the visual luminosity is proportional to the total power radiated? Explain.

Ren Jie Tuieng
Ren Jie Tuieng
Numerade Educator
01:59

Problem 48

A pesky 1.5-mg mosquito is annoying you as you attempt to study physics in your room, which is 5.0 m wide and 2.5 $\mathrm{m}$ high. You decide to swat the bothersome insect as it flies toward you, but
you need to estimate its speed to make a successful hit. (a) What is the maximum uncertainty in the horizontal position of the mosquito? (b) What limit does the Heisenberg uncertainty principle
place on your ability to know the horizontal velocity of this mosquito? Is this limitation a serious impediment to your attempt to swat it?

Elan Stopnitzky
Elan Stopnitzky
Numerade Educator
02:47

Problem 49

By extremely careful measurement, you determine the $x$ -coordinate of a car's center of mass with an uncertainty of only 1.00$\mu \mathrm{m} .$ The car has a mass of 1200 $\mathrm{kg}$ . (a) What is the minimum uncertainty in the $x$ -component of the velocity of the car's center of mass as prescribed by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle? (b) Does the uncertainty principle impose a practical limit on our ability to make simultaneous measurements of the positions and velocities of ordinary objects like cars, books, and people? Explain.

Ren Jie Tuieng
Ren Jie Tuieng
Numerade Educator
04:50

Problem 50

A $10.0-\mathrm{g}$ marble is gently placed on a horizontal tabletop that is 1.75 $\mathrm{m}$ wide. (a) What is the maximum uncertainty in the horizontal position of the marble? (b) According to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, what is the minimum uncertainty in the horizontal velocity of the marble? (c) In light of your answer to part (b), what is the longest time the marble could remain on the table? Compare this time to the age of the universe, which is approximately 14 billion years. (Hint: Can you know that the horizontal velocity of the marble is exactly zero?)

Christopher Provencher
Christopher Provencher
Numerade Educator
01:40

Problem 51

A scientist has devised a new method of isolating individual particles. He claims that this method enables him to detect simultaneously the position of a particle along an axis with a standard deviation of 0.12 $\mathrm{nm}$ and its momentum component along this axis with a standard deviation of $3.0 \times 10^{-25} \mathrm{kg} \cdot \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s} .$ Use the Heisenberg uncertainty principle to evaluate the validity of this claim.

Ren Jie Tuieng
Ren Jie Tuieng
Numerade Educator
03:04

Problem 52

(a) The $x$ -coordinate of an electron is measured with an uncertainty of 0.20 $\mathrm{mm}$ . What is the $x$ -component of the electron's velocity, $v_{x}$ if the minimum percentage uncertainty in a simultaneous measurement of $v_{x}$ is 1.0$\%$ ? (b) Repeat part (a) for a proton.

Ren Jie Tuieng
Ren Jie Tuieng
Numerade Educator
01:16

Problem 53

An atom in a metastable state has a lifetime of 5.2 $\mathrm{ms}$ . What is the uncertainty in energy of the metastable state?

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
03:05

Problem 54

(a) The uncertainty in the $y$ -component of a proton's position is $2.0 \times 10^{-12} \mathrm{m} .$ What is the minimum uncertainty in a simultaneous measurement of the $y$ -component of the proton's velocity? (b) The uncertainty in the $z$ -component of an electron's velocity is 0.250 $\mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ . What is the minimum uncertainty in a simultaneous measurement of the $z$ -coordinate of the electron?

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
13:01

Problem 55

The negative muon has a charge equal to that of an electron but a mass that is 207 times as great. Consider a hydrogenlike atom consisting of a proton and a muon. (a) What is the reduced mass of the atom? (b) What is the ground-level energy (in electron volts)? (c) What is the wavelength of the radiation emitted in the transition from the $n=2$ level to the $n=1$ level?

Hubert Agamasu
Hubert Agamasu
Numerade Educator
05:27

Problem 56

An atom with mass $m$ emits a photon of wavelength $\lambda$ . (a) What is the recoil speed of the atom? (b) What is the kinetic energy $K$ of the recoiling atom? (c) Find the ratio $K / E,$ where $E$ is
the energy of the emitted photon. If this ratio is much less than unity, the recoil of the atom can be neglected in the emission process. Is the recoil of the atom more important for small or large
atomic masses? For long or short wavelengths? (d) Calculate $K$ (in electron volts) and $K / E$ for a hydrogen atom (mass $1.67 \times$ $10^{-27} \mathrm{kg} )$ that emits an ultraviolet photon of energy 10.2 eV. Is recoil an important consideration in this emission process?

Christopher Provencher
Christopher Provencher
Numerade Educator
05:27

Problem 57

(a) What is the smallest amount of energy in electron volts that must be given to a hydrogen atom initially in its ground level so that it can emit the $H_{\alpha}$ line in the Balmer series? (b) How many different possibilities of spectral-line emissions are there for this atom when the electron starts in the $n=3$ level and eventually ends up in the ground level? Calculate the wavelength of the emitted photon in each case.

Ren Jie Tuieng
Ren Jie Tuieng
Numerade Educator
05:33

Problem 58

A large number of hydrogen atoms are in thermal equilibrium. Let $n_{2} / n_{1}$ be the ratio of the number of atoms in an $n=2$ excited state to the number of atoms in an $n=1$ ground state. At
what temperature is $n_{2} / n_{1}$ equal to $(a) 10^{-12} ;$ (b) $10^{-8} ;(c) 10^{-4} ?$ (d) Like the sun, other stars have continuous spectra with dark absorption lines $($ see Fig. 39.9$) .$ The absorption takes place in the star's atmosphere, which in all stars is composed primarily of hydrogen. Explain why the Balmer absorption lines are relatively weak in stars with low atmospheric temperatures such as the sun (atmosphere temperature 5800 $\mathrm{K}$ ) but strong in stars with higher atmospheric temperatures.

Christopher Provencher
Christopher Provencher
Numerade Educator
05:28

Problem 59

A sample of hydrogen atoms is irradiated with light with wavelength $85.5 \mathrm{nm},$ and electrons are observed leaving the gas. (a) If each hydrogen atom were initially in its ground level, what would be the maximum kinetic energy in electron volts of these photoelectrons? (b) A few electrons are detected with energies as much as 10.2 eV greater than the maximum kinetic energy calculated in part (a). How can this be?

Ren Jie Tuieng
Ren Jie Tuieng
Numerade Educator
09:33

Problem 60

Bohr Orbits of a Satellite. A 20.0 -kg satellite circles the earth once every 2.00 $\mathrm{h}$ in an orbit having a radius of 8060 $\mathrm{km} .$ (a) Assuming that Bohr's angular-momentum result
$(L=n h / 2 \pi)$ applies to satellites just as it does to an electron in the hydrogen atom, find the quantum number $n$ of the orbit of the satellite. (b) Show from Bohr's angular momentum result and Newton's law of gravitation that the radius of an earth-satellite orbit is directly proportional to the square of the quantum number, $r=k n^{2},$ where $k$ is the constant of proportionality. (c) Using the result from part $(\mathrm{b}),$ find the distance between the orbit of the satellite in this problem and its next "allowed" orbit. (Calculate a numerical value.) (d) Comment on the possibility of observing the separation of the two adjacent orbits. (e) Do quantized and classical orbits correspond for this satellite? Which is the "correct" method for calculating the orbits?

Ren Jie Tuieng
Ren Jie Tuieng
Numerade Educator
05:21

Problem 61

The Red Supergiant Betelgeuse. The star Betelgeuse has a surface temperature of 3000 $\mathrm{K}$ and is 600 times the diameter of our sun. (If our sun were that large, we would be inside it!) Assume that it radiates like an ideal blackbody. (a) If Betelgeuse were to radiate all of its energy at the peak-intensity wavelength, how many photons per second would it radiate? (b) Find the ratio of the power radiated by Betelgeuse to the power radiated by our sun (at 5800 $\mathrm{K} )$ .

Ren Jie Tuieng
Ren Jie Tuieng
Numerade Educator
04:29

Problem 62

Light from an ideal spherical blackbody 15.0 $\mathrm{cm}$ in diameter is analyzed using a diffraction grating having 3850 lines/cm. When you shine this light through the grating, you observe that the peak-intensity wavelength forms a first-order bright fringe at $\pm 11.6^{\circ}$ from the central bright fringe. (a) What is the temperature of the blackbody? (b) How long will it take this sphere to radiate 12.0 $\mathrm{MJ}$ of energy?

Ren Jie Tuieng
Ren Jie Tuieng
Numerade Educator
02:52

Problem 63

What must be the temperature of an ideal blackbody so that photons of its radiated light having the peak-intensity wave- length can excite the electron in the Bohr-model hydrogen atom from the ground state to the third excited state?

Ren Jie Tuieng
Ren Jie Tuieng
Numerade Educator
10:25

Problem 64

An ideal spherical blackbody 24.0 $\mathrm{cm}$ in diameter is maintained at $225^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ by an internal electrical heater and is immersed in a very large open-faced tank of water that is kept boiling by the energy radiated by the sphere. You can neglect any heat transferred by conduction and convection. Consult Table 17.4 as needed. (a) At what rate, in $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{s},$ is water evaporating from the tank? (b) If a physics-wise thermophile organism living in the hot water is observing this process, what will it measure for the peak intensity (i) wavelength and (ii) frequency of the electromagnetic waves emitted by the sphere?

Ren Jie Tuieng
Ren Jie Tuieng
Numerade Educator
13:41

Problem 65

When a photon is emitted by an atom, the atom must recoil to conserve momentum. This means that the photon and the recoiling atom share the transition energy. (a) For an atom with mass $m,$ calculate the correction $\Delta \lambda$ due to recoil to the wave length of an emitted photon. Let $\lambda$ be the wavelength of the photon if recoil is not taken into consideration. (Hint: The correction is very small, as Problem 39.56 suggests, so $|\Delta \lambda| / \lambda<<1 .$ Use this (b) Evaluate the correction for a hydrogen atom in which an electron in the $n$ th level returns to the ground level. How does the answer depend on $n$ ?

Ren Jie Tuieng
Ren Jie Tuieng
Numerade Educator
02:32

Problem 66

An Ideal Blackbody. A large cavity with a very small hole and maintained at a temperature $T$ is a good approximation to an ideal radiator or blackbody. Radiation can pass into or out of the cavity only through the hole. The cavity is a perfect absorber, since any radiation incident on the hole becomes trapped inside the cavity. Such a cavity at $200^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ has a hole with area 4.00 $\mathrm{mm}^{2} .$ How long does it take for the cavity to radiate 100 $\mathrm{J}$ of energy through the hole?

Ren Jie Tuieng
Ren Jie Tuieng
Numerade Educator
14:21

Problem 67

(a) Write the Planck distribution law in terms of the frequency $f,$ rather than the wavelength $\lambda,$ to obtain $I(f)$ . (b) Show that $$\int_{0}^{\infty} I(\lambda) d \lambda=\frac{2 \pi^{5} k^{4}}{15 c^{2} h^{3}} T^{4}$$ where $I(\lambda)$ is the Planck distribution formula of Eq. $(39.24) .$
(Hint: Change the integration variable from $\lambda$ to $f .$ You will need to use the following tabulated integral: $$\int_{0}^{\infty} \frac{x^{3}}{e^{\alpha x}-1} d x=\frac{1}{240}\left(\frac{2 \pi}{\alpha}\right)^{4}$$ (c) The result of part (b) is $I$ and has the form of the Stefan- Boltzmann law, $I=\sigma T^{4}$ (Eg. 39.19$) .$ Evaluate the constants in part (b) to show that $\sigma$ has the value given in Section $39.5 .$

Ren Jie Tuieng
Ren Jie Tuieng
Numerade Educator
07:04

Problem 68

A beam of $40-\mathrm{eV}$ electrons traveling in the $+x-$ direction passes through a slit that is parallel to the $y$ -axis and 5.0$\mu \mathrm{m}$ wide. The diffraction pattern is recorded on a screen 2.5 $\mathrm{m}$ from the slit. (a) What is the de Broglie wavelength of the electrons? (b) How much time does it take the electrons to travel from the slit to the screen? (c) Use the width of the central diffraction pattern to calculate the uncertainty in the $y$ -component of momentum of an electron just after it has passed through the slit. (d) Use the result of part (c) and the Heisenberg uncertainty principle
(Eq. 39.29 for $y$ ) to estimate the minimum uncertainty in the $y$ -coordinate of an electron just after it has passed through the slit. Compare your result to the width of the slit.

Christopher Provencher
Christopher Provencher
Numerade Educator
08:44

Problem 69

(a) What is the energy of a photon that has wavelength 0.10$\mu \mathrm{m} ?$ (b) Through approximately what potential difference must electrons be accelerated so that they will exhibit wave nature in passing through a pinhole 0.10$\mu \mathrm{m}$ in diameter? What is the speed of these electrons? (c) If protons rather than electrons were used, through what potential difference would protons have to be accelerated so they would exhibit wave nature in passing through this pinhole? What would be the speed of these protons?

Katie Mcalpine
Katie Mcalpine
Numerade Educator
04:06

Problem 70

Electrons go through a single slit 150 $\mathrm{nm}$ wide and strike a screen 24.0 $\mathrm{cm}$ away. You find that at angles of $\pm 20.0^{\circ}$ from the center of the diffraction pattern, no electrons hit the screen but electrons hit at all points closer to the center, (a) How fast were these electrons moving when they went through the slit? (b) What will be the next larger angles at which no electrons hit the screen?

Ren Jie Tuieng
Ren Jie Tuieng
Numerade Educator
05:32

Problem 71

A beam of electrons is accelerated from rest and then passes through a pair of identical thin slits that are 1.25 $\mathrm{nm}$ apart. You observe that the first double-slit interference dark fringe occurs at $\pm 18.0^{\circ}$ from the original direction of the beam when viewed on a distant screen. (a) Are these electrons relativistic? How do you know? (b) Through what potential difference were the electrons accelerated?

Ren Jie Tuieng
Ren Jie Tuieng
Numerade Educator
05:59

Problem 72

A beam of protons and a beam of alpha particles (of mass $6.64 \times 10^{-27} \mathrm{kg}$ and charge $+2 e )$ are accelerated from rest through the same potential difference and pass through identical circular holes in a very thin, opaque film. When viewed far from the hole, the diffracted proton beam forms its first dark ring at $15^{\circ}$ with respect to its original direction. When viewed similarly, at what angle will the alpha particle form its first dark ring?

Ren Jie Tuieng
Ren Jie Tuieng
Numerade Educator
06:40

Problem 73

An electron beam and a photon beam pass through identical slits. On a distant screen, the first dark fringe occurs at the same angle for both of the beams. The electron speeds are much slower than that of light. (a) Express the energy of a photon in terms of the kinetic energy $K$ of one of the electrons. (b) Which is greater, the energy of a photon or the kinetic energy of an electron?

Ren Jie Tuieng
Ren Jie Tuieng
Numerade Educator
04:15

Problem 74

Coherent light is passed through two narrow slits whose separation is 40.0$\mu \mathrm{m} .$ The second-order bright fringe in the interference pattern is located at an angle of 0.0300 rad. If electrons are used instead of light, what must the kinetic energy (in electron volts) of the electrons be if they are to produce an interference pattern for which the second-order maximum is also at 0.0300 rad?

Ren Jie Tuieng
Ren Jie Tuieng
Numerade Educator
02:03

Problem 75

What is the de Broglie wavelength of a red blood cell, with mass $1.00 \times 10^{-11} \mathrm{g}$ , that is moving with a speed of 0.400 $\mathrm{cm} / \mathrm{s} ?$ Do we need to be concerned with the wave nature of the blood cells when we describe the flow of blood in the body?

Katie Mcalpine
Katie Mcalpine
Numerade Educator
02:26

Problem 76

Calculate the energy in electron volts of (a) an electron that has de Broglie wavelength 400 $\mathrm{nm}$ and (b) a photon that has wavelength 400 $\mathrm{nm} .$

Ren Jie Tuieng
Ren Jie Tuieng
Numerade Educator
08:28

Problem 77

High-speed electrons are used to probe the interior structure of the atomic nucleus. For such electrons the expression $\lambda=h / p$ still holds, but we must use the relativistic expression for momentum, $p=m v / \sqrt{1-v^{2} / c^{2}}$ (a) Show that the speed of an
electron that has de Broglie wavelength $\lambda$ is
$$v=\frac{c}{\sqrt{1+(m c \lambda / h)^{2}}}$$
(b) The quantity $h / m c$ equals $2.426 \times 10^{-12} \mathrm{m}$ . (As we saw in
Section $38.3,$ this same quantity appears in Eq. $(38.7),$ the expression for Compton sattering of photons by electrons.) If $\lambda$ is small
compared to $h / m c,$ the denominator in the expression found in part (a) is close to unity and the speed $v$ is very close to $c .$ In this
case it is convenient to write $v=(1-\Delta) c$ and express the speed
of the electron in terms of $\Delta$ rather than $v .$ Find an expression for $\Delta$ valid when $\lambda \ll h / m c$ [Hint: Use the binomial expansion $(1+z)^{n}=1+n z+n(n-1) z^{2} / 2+\cdots$ valid for the case $|z|<1.1(\mathrm{c})$ How fast must an electron move for its de Broglie
wavelength to be $1.00 \times 10^{-15} \mathrm{m},$ comparable to the size of a proton? Express your answer in the form $v=(1-\Delta) c,$ and state the
value of $\Delta .$

Ren Jie Tuieng
Ren Jie Tuieng
Numerade Educator
03:01

Problem 78

Suppose that the uncertainty of position of an electron is equal to the radius of the $n=1$ Bohr orbit for hydrogen. Calculate the simultaneous minimum uncertainty of the corresponding momentum component, and compare this with the magnitude of the momentum of the electron in the $n=1$ Bohr orbit. Discuss your results.

Christopher Provencher
Christopher Provencher
Numerade Educator
06:55

Problem 79

(a)A particle with mass $m$ has kinetic energy equal to three times its rest energy. What is the de Broglie wavelength of this particle? (Hint: You must use the relativistic expressions for momentum and kinetic energy: $E^{2}=(p c)^{2}+\left(m c^{2}\right)^{2}$ and $K=$ $E-m c^{2} \cdot )$ (b) Determine the numerical value of the kinetic energy (in MeV) and the wavelength (in meters) if the particle in part (a) is (i) an electron and (ii) a proton.

Ren Jie Tuieng
Ren Jie Tuieng
Numerade Educator
05:39

Problem 80

Proton Energy in a Nucleus. The radii of atomic nuclei are of the order of $5.0 \times 10^{-15} \mathrm{m}$ (a) Estimate the minimum uncertainty in the momentum of a proton if it is confined
within a nucleus. (b) Take this uncertainty in momentum to be an estimate of the magnitude of the momentum. Use the relativistic relationship between energy and momentum, Eq. $(37.39),$ to obtain
an estimate of the kinetic energy of a proton confined within a nucleus. (c) For a proton to remain bound within a nucleus, what must the magnitude of the (negative) potential energy for a proton be within the nucleus? Give your answer in eV and in MeV. Compare to the potential energy for an electron in a hydrogen atom, which has a magnitude of a few tens of eV. (This shows why the interaction that binds the nucleus together is called the "strong nuclear force.")

Ren Jie Tuieng
Ren Jie Tuieng
Numerade Educator
06:52

Problem 81

Electron Energy in a Nucleus. The radii of atomic nuclei are of the order of $5.0 \times 10^{-15} \mathrm{m}$ . (a) Estimate the minimum uncertainty in the momentum of an electron if it is confined
within a nucleus. (b) Take this uncertainty in momentum to be an estimate of the magnitude of the momentum. Use the relativistic relationship between energy and momentum, Eq. $(37.39),$ to obtain
an estimate of the kinetic energy of an electron confined within a nucleus. (c) Compare the energy calculated in part (b) to the magnitude of the Coulomb potential energy of a proton and an electron
separated by $5.0 \times 10^{-15} \mathrm{m}$ . On the basis of your result, could there be electrons within the nucleus? (Note: It is interesting to compare this result to that of Problem $39.80 . )$

Ren Jie Tuieng
Ren Jie Tuieng
Numerade Educator
08:27

Problem 82

In a TV picture tube the accelerating voltage is 15.0 $\mathrm{kV}$ , and the electron beam passes through an aperture 0.50 $\mathrm{mm}$ in diameter to a screen 0.300 $\mathrm{m}$ away. (a) Calculate the uncertainty in the component of the electron's velocity perpendicular to the line
between aperture and screen. (b) What is the uncertainty in position of the point where the electrons strike the screen? (c) Does this uncertainty affect the clarity of the picture significantly? (Use
nonrelativistic expressions for the motion of the electrons. This is fairly accurate and is certainly adequate for obtaining an estimate of uncertainty effects.)

Ren Jie Tuieng
Ren Jie Tuieng
Numerade Educator
03:30

Problem 83

The neutral pion $\left(\pi^{0}\right)$ is an unstable particle produced in high-energy particle collisions. Its mass is about 264 times that of the electron, and it exists for an average lifetime of $8.4 \times 10^{-17} \mathrm{s}$ before decaying into two gamma-ray photons. Using the relationship $E=m c^{2}$ between rest mass and energy, find the uncertainty in the mass of the particle and express it as a fraction of the mass.

Guilherme Barros
Guilherme Barros
Numerade Educator
04:32

Problem 84

Quantum Effects in Daily Life? A $1.25-\mathrm{mg}$ insect flies through a 4.00 -mm-diameter hole in an ordinary window screen. The thickness of the screen is 0.500 $\mathrm{mm}$ . (a) What should be the approximate wavelength and speed of the insect for her to show wave behavior as she goes through the hole? (b) At the speed found in part (a), how long would it take the insect to pass through the $0.500-\mathrm{mm}$ thickness of the hole in the screen? Compare this time to the age of the universe (about 14 billion years). Would you expect to see "insect diffraction" in daily life?

Ren Jie Tuieng
Ren Jie Tuieng
Numerade Educator
02:27

Problem 85

Doorway Diffraction. If your wavelength were 1.0 $\mathrm{m}$ , you would undergo considerable diffraction in moving through a doorway. (a) What must your speed be for you to have this wave length? (Assume that your mass is 60.0 $\mathrm{kg.}$ ) (b) At the speed calculated in part (a), how many years would it take you to move 0.80 $\mathrm{m}$ (one step)? Will you notice diffraction effects as you walk through doorways?

Ren Jie Tuieng
Ren Jie Tuieng
Numerade Educator
05:51

Problem 86

Atomic Spectra Uncertainties. A certain atom has an energy level 2.58 eV above the ground level. Once excited to this level, the atom remains in this level for $1.64 \times 10^{-7}$ s (on age) before emitting a photon and returning to the ground level. (a) What is the energy of the photon (in electron volts)? What is its wavelength (in nanometers)? (b) What is the smallest possible uncertainty in energy of the photon? Give your answer in electron volts. (c) Show that $|\Delta E / E|=|\Delta \lambda / \lambda|$ if $|\Delta \lambda / \lambda|<1 .$ Use this to calculate the magnitude of the smallest possible uncertainty in the wavelength of the photon. Give your answer in nanometers.

Ren Jie Tuieng
Ren Jie Tuieng
Numerade Educator
05:17

Problem 87

You intend to use an electron microscope to study the structure of some crystals. For accurate resolution, you want the electron wavelength to be 1.00 $\mathrm{nm}$ . (a) Are these electrons relativistic? How do you know? (b) What accelerating potential is needed? (c) What is the kinetic energy of the electrons you are using? To see if it is great enough to damage the crystals you are studying, compare it to the potential energy of a typical NaCl molecule, which is about 6.0 eV.(d) If you decided to use electromagnetic waves as your probe, what energy should their photons have to provide the same resolution as the electrons? Would this energy damage the crystal?

Ren Jie Tuieng
Ren Jie Tuieng
Numerade Educator
03:22

Problem 88

For $x$ rays with wavelength $0.0300 \mathrm{nm},$ the $m=1$ intensity maximum for a crystal occurs when the angle $\theta$ in Fig. 39.2 is $35.8^{\circ} .$ At what angle $\theta$ does the $m=1$ maximum occur when a beam of 4.50 -keV electrons is used instead? Assume that the electrons also scatter from the atoms in the surface plane of this same crystal.

Ren Jie Tuieng
Ren Jie Tuieng
Numerade Educator
06:25

Problem 89

Electron diffraction can also take place when there is interference between electron waves that scatter from atoms on the surface of a crystal and waves that scatter from atoms in the next
plane below the surface, a distance $d$ from the surface (see Fig.36.23 $\mathrm{c} ) .$ (a) Find an equation for the angles $\theta$ at which there is an intensity maximum for electron waves of wavelength $\lambda$ . (b) The spacing between crystal planes in a certain metal is 0.091 $\mathrm{nm} .$ If 71.0 ev electrons are used, find the angle at which there is an intensity maximum due to interference between scattered waves from adjacent crystal planes. The angle is measured as shown in Fig. 36.23 $\mathrm{c} .$ (c) The actual angle of the intensity maximum is slightly different from your result in part (b). The reason is the work function $\phi$ of the metal (see Section $38.1 ),$ which changes the electron potential energy by $-e \phi$ when it moves from vacuum into the metal. If the effect of the work function is taken into account, is the angle of the intensity maximum larger or smaller than the value found in part (b)? Explain.

Ren Jie Tuieng
Ren Jie Tuieng
Numerade Educator
03:12

Problem 90

A certain atom has an energy level 3.50 eV above the ground state. When excited to this state, it remains $4.0 \mu s,$ on the average, before emitting a photon and returning to the ground average, before emitting a photon and returning to the ground state. (a) What is the energy of the photon? What is its wavelength? (b) What is the smallest possible uncertainty in energy of the photon?

Prashant Bana
Prashant Bana
Numerade Educator
02:37

Problem 91

Structure of a Virus. To investigate the structure of extremely small objects, such as viruses, the wavelength of the probing wave should be about one-tenth the size of the object for sharp images. But as the wavelength gets shorter, the energy of a photon of light gets greater and could damage or destroy the object being studied. One alternative is to use electron matter waves instead of light. Viruses vary considerably in size, but 50 $\mathrm{nm}$ is not unusual. Suppose you want to study such a virus, using a wave of wavelength 5.00 $\mathrm{nm}$ (a) If you use light of this wavelength, what would be the energy (in eV) of a single photon? (b) If you use an electron of this wavelength, what would be its kinetic energy (in eV)? Is it now clear why matter waves (such as in the electron microscope) are often preferable to electromagnetic waves for studying microscopic objects?

Elan Stopnitzky
Elan Stopnitzky
Numerade Educator
04:11

Problem 92

Zero-Point Energy. Consider a particle with mass $m$ moving in a potential $U=\frac{1}{2} k x^{2},$ as in a mass-spring system. The total energy of the particle is $E=p^{2} / 2 m+\frac{1}{2} k x^{2}$ Assume that $p$ and $x$ are approximately related by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, so $p x \approx h .$ (a) Calculate the minimum possible value of the energy $E,$ and the value of $x$ that gives this minimum $E .$ This lowest possible energy, which is not zero, is called the zero-point energy. (b) For the $x$ calculated in part (a), what is the ratio of the kinetic to the potential energy of the particle?

Ren Jie Tuieng
Ren Jie Tuieng
Numerade Educator
08:57

Problem 93

A particle with mass $m$ moves in a potential $U(x)=A|x|,$ where $A$ is a positive constant. In a simplified picture, quarks (the constituents of protons, neutrons, and other particles, as will be described in Chapter 44 ) have a potential energy of interaction of approximately this form, where $x$ represents the separation between a pair of quarks. Because $U(x) \rightarrow \infty$ as $x \rightarrow \infty$ it's not possible to separate quarks from each other (a phenomenon called quark confinement).(a) Classically, what is the force acting on this particle as a function of $x ?$ (b) Using the uncertainty principle as in Problem $39.92,$ determine approximately the zero-point energy of the particle.

Ren Jie Tuieng
Ren Jie Tuieng
Numerade Educator
08:34

Problem 94

Imagine another universe in which the value of Planck's constant is 0.0663 $\mathrm{J} \cdot \mathrm{s}$ , but in which the physical laws and all other physical constants are the same as in our universe. In this universe, two physics students are playing catch. They are 12 $\mathrm{m}$ apart, and one throws a 0.25 -kg ball directly toward the other with a speed of 6.0 $\mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s} .$ (a) What is the uncertainty in the ball's horizontal momentum, in a direction perpendicular to that in which it is being thrown, if the student throwing the ball knows that it is located within a cube with volume 125 $\mathrm{cm}^{3}$ at the time she throws it? (b) By what horizontal distance could the ball miss the second student?

Jonathan Everett
Jonathan Everett
Numerade Educator
11:11

Problem 95

(a) Show that in the Bohr model, the frequency of revolution of an electron in its circular orbit around a stationary hydrogen nucleus is $f=m e^{4} / 4 \epsilon_{0}^{2} n^{3} h^{3}$ . (b) In classical physics, the frequency of revolution of the electron is equal to the frequency of the radiation that it emits. Show that when $n$ is very large, the frequency of revolution does indeed equal the radiated frequency calculated from Eq. $(39.5)$ for a transition from $n_{1}=n+1$ to $n_{2}=n .$ (This illustrates Bohr's correspondence principle, which is often used as a check on quantum calculations. When $n$ is small, quantum physics gives results that are very different from those of classical physics. When $n$ is large, the differences are not significant, and the two methods then "correspond." In fact, when Bohr first tackled the hydrogen atom problem, he sought to determine $f$ as a function of $n$ such that it would correspond to classical results for large $n . )$

Ren Jie Tuieng
Ren Jie Tuieng
Numerade Educator
06:28

Problem 96

You have entered a contest in which the contestants drop a marble with mass 20.0 g from the roof of a building onto a small target 25.0 m below. From uncertainty considerations, what is the typical distance by which you will miss the target, given that you aim with the highest possible precision? (Hint: The uncertainty $\Delta x_{f}$ in the $x$ -coordinate of the marble when it reaches the ground comes in part from the uncertainty $\Delta x_{i}$ in the $x$ -coordinate initially and in part from the initial uncertainty in $v_{x}$ . The latter gives rise to an uncertainty $\Delta v_{x}$ in the horizontal motion of the marble as it falls. The values of $\Delta x_{i}$ and $\Delta v_{x}$ are related by the uncertainty principle. A small $\Delta x_{i}$ gives rise to a large $\Delta v_{x},$ and vice versa. Find the value of $\Delta x_{i}$ that gives the smallest total uncertainty in $x$ at the ground. Ignore any effects of air resistance.)

Guilherme Barros
Guilherme Barros
Numerade Educator