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Molecular Biology

Robert F. Weaver

Chapter 18

The Mechanism of Translation II: Elongation and Termination - all with Video Answers

Educators


Chapter Questions

Problem 1

Describe and give the results of an experiment that shows that translation starts at the amino terminus of a protein.

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00:43

Problem 1

What would be the effect on a G protein's activity if:
a. its GAP were inhibited?
b. its guanine nucleotide exchange protein were inhibited?

Sam Limsuwannarot
Sam Limsuwannarot
Numerade Educator
05:00

Problem 2

You have isolated an E. coli mutant with an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase that causes a tRNA with the anticodon 3'-UUC-5' to be charged with asparagine at the elevated temperature of $42^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. What effect would you expect this to have on protein synthesis in these cells at $42^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, and why? You then isolate another mutant that suppresses the first mutation, and you trace the second mutation to a tRNA gene. What tRNA would you expect to be altered in the second mutant, and where? Predict the nature of this alteration.

Rashmi Sinha
Rashmi Sinha
Numerade Educator

Problem 2

How do we know that mRNAs are read in the $5^{\prime} \rightarrow 3^{\prime}$ direction?

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04:04

Problem 3

How do we know that the genetic code is: (a) nonoverlapping; (b) commaless; (c) triplet; (d) degenerate?

Shiksha Dutta
Shiksha Dutta
Numerade Educator
03:04

Problem 3

Consider this short mRNA: 5'-AUGGCAGUGCCA-3'. Answer the following questions, assuming first that the code is fully overlapping and then that it is nonoverlapping.
a. How many codons would be represented in this oligonucleotide?
b. If the second $\mathrm{G}$ were changed to a $\mathrm{C}$, how many codons would be changed?

John Barone
John Barone
Numerade Educator
12:53

Problem 4

Describe and give the results of an experiment that reveals two of the codons for an amino acid.

Eric Goldman
Eric Goldman
Numerade Educator
01:46

Problem 4

What would be the effect on reading frame and gene function if
a. two bases were inserted into the middle of an mRNA?
b. three bases were inserted into the middle of an mRNA?
c. one base were inserted into one codon and one subtracted from the next?

Joanna Quigley
Joanna Quigley
Numerade Educator
02:53

Problem 5

Diagram a wobble base pair. You do not have to show the positions of all the atoms, just the shape of the base pair. Contrast this with the shape of a Watson-Crick base pair. What is the importance of wobble in translation?

John Barone
John Barone
Numerade Educator
02:41

Problem 5

If codons were six bases long, what kind of product would you expect from a repeating tetranucleotide such as poly (UUCG)?

Khalida Dawar
Khalida Dawar
Numerade Educator

Problem 6

Diagram the translation elongation process in prokaryotes.

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01:14

Problem 6

How many codons would exist in a genetic code that had codons that were four bases long?

Aadit Sharma
Aadit Sharma
Numerade Educator
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Problem 7

Diagram the mode of action of puromycin.

Rashmi Sinha
Rashmi Sinha
Numerade Educator
01:21

Problem 7

A certain ochre suppressor inserts glutamine in response to the ochre codon. What is the likeliest change in the anticodon of a tRNA ${ }^{\text {Gln }}$ that created this suppressor strain?

Rashmi Sinha
Rashmi Sinha
Numerade Educator

Problem 8

Describe and give the results of an experiment that shows that fMet-tRNA. Met occupies the P site of the ribosome.

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02:01

Problem 8

Describe the evolutionary changes that had to occur to give an organism the ability to incorporate pyrrolysine into its proteins. In what order do you think these changes occurred? Why? Hint: See Wang, L. (2003). Expanding the genetic code. Science 302:584-85.

Hailey Tomashek
Hailey Tomashek
Numerade Educator
05:49

Problem 9

Each of the 20 amino acids can be found in natural proteins adjacent to each of the other amino acids. How does this prove that the genetic code is nonoverlapping?

Bryan Valdivia
Bryan Valdivia
Numerade Educator

Problem 9

Describe and give the results of an experiment that shows that EF-Ts releases GDP from EF-Tu.

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02:24

Problem 10

What step in translation does chloramphenicol block?

Sana Riaz
Sana Riaz
Numerade Educator
04:51

Problem 11

Diagram the roles of EF-Tu and EF-Ts in translation.

Khalida Dawar
Khalida Dawar
Numerade Educator

Problem 12

Present evidence for the formation of a ternary complex among EF-Tu, GTP, and aminoacyl-tRNA.

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Problem 13

Describe and give the results of an experiment that shows that ribosomal RNA is likely to be the catalytic agent in peptidyl transferase.

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00:41

Problem 14

What are the initial recognition and proofreading steps in protein synthesis?

Sam Limsuwannarot
Sam Limsuwannarot
Numerade Educator

Problem 15

Describe and give the results of an experiment that shows that the mRNA moves in 3-nt units in the translocation step.

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02:24

Problem 16

Describe and give the results of an experiment that shows that EF-G and GTP are both required for translocation. What are the effects of (a) substituting GDPCP for GTP, and (b) adding fusidic acid in this single-translocation event assay?

Sana Riaz
Sana Riaz
Numerade Educator

Problem 17

Describe an experiment that shows that GTP hydrolysis precedes translocation.

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05:01

Problem 18

Present direct evidence that the amber codon is a translation terminator.

Sana Riaz
Sana Riaz
Numerade Educator
02:47

Problem 19

Present evidence that the amber codon is UAG.

Alexander Clippinger
Alexander Clippinger
Numerade Educator

Problem 20

Explain how an amber suppressor works.

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03:25

Problem 21

Present evidence that the amber suppressor is a tRNA.

Khalida Dawar
Khalida Dawar
Numerade Educator
00:11

Problem 22

Describe an assay for a release factor.

Sam Limsuwannarot
Sam Limsuwannarot
Numerade Educator
02:43

Problem 23

What are the roles of RF1, RF2, and RF3?

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
02:12

Problem 24

How do we know which termination codons RF1 and RF2 recognize?

Dennis Howard
Dennis Howard
Numerade Educator
02:39

Problem 25

What are the roles of eRF1 and eRF3?

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
02:13

Problem 26

Diagram the mechanism by which prokaryotes deal with non-stop mRNAs.

John Koskinen
John Koskinen
Numerade Educator
02:57

Problem 27

What differences between tmRNAs and tRNAs limit the ability of tmRNAs to bind tightly to the ribosome? How does the cell deal with these deficiencies?

Danielle Ashley
Danielle Ashley
Numerade Educator
02:13

Problem 28

Diagram the mechanism by which mammalian cells deal with non-stop mRNAs.

John Koskinen
John Koskinen
Numerade Educator
02:13

Problem 29

Diagram two mechanisms by which eukaryotic cells deal with premature termination codons.

John Koskinen
John Koskinen
Numerade Educator
02:01

Problem 30

Describe the mechanisms by which selenocysteine and pyrrolysine are incorporated into proteins.

Hailey Tomashek
Hailey Tomashek
Numerade Educator
03:39

Problem 31

How does trigger factor's cellular location help it in its chaperone function?

Sana Riaz
Sana Riaz
Numerade Educator