University Physics Volume 1

Samuel J. Ling, Jeff Sanny, William Moebs

Chapter 3

Motion Along a Straight Line - all with Video Answers

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Chapter Questions

Problem 1

Give an example in which there are clear distinctions among distance traveled, displacement, and magnitude of displacement. Identify each quantity in your example specifically.

Surjit Tewari

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 2

Under what circumstances does distance traveled equal magnitude of displacement? What is the only case in which magnitude of displacement and displacement are exactly the same?

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 3

Bacteria move back and forth using their flagella (structures that look like little tails). Speeds of up to $50 \mu \mathrm{m} /$ S $\left(50 \times 10^{-6} \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}\right)$ have been observed. The total distance traveled by a bacterium is large for its size, whereas its displacement is small. Why is this?

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 4

Give an example of a device used to measure time and identify what change in that device indicates a change in time.

Manish Kumar ( Iit K )

Manish Kumar ( Iit K )

Numerade Educator

Problem 5

Does a car's odometer measure distance traveled or displacement?

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 6

During a given time interval the average velocity of an object is zero. What can you say conclude about its displacement over the time interval?

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 7

There is a distinction between average speed and the magnitude of average velocity. Give an example that illustrates the difference between these two quantities.

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 8

Does the speedometer of a car measure speed or velocity?

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 9

If you divide the total distance traveled on a car trip (as determined by the odometer) by the elapsed time of the trip, are you calculating average speed or magnitude of average velocity? Under what circumstances are these two quantities the same?

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 10

How are instantaneous velocity and instantaneous speed related to one another? How do they differ?

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 11

Is it possible for speed to be constant while acceleration is not zero?

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 12

Is it possible for velocity to be constant while acceleration is not zero? Explain.

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 13

Give an example in which velocity is zero yet acceleration is not.

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 14

If a subway train is moving to the left (has a negative velocity) and then comes to a stop, what is the direction of its acceleration? Is the acceleration positive or negative?

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 15

Plus and minus signs are used in one-dimensional motion to indicate direction. What is the sign of an acceleration that reduces the magnitude of a negative velocity? Of a positive velocity?

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 16

When analyzing the motion of a single object, what is the required number of known physical variables that are needed to solve for the unknown quantities using the kinematic equations?

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 17

State two scenarios of the kinematics of single object where three known quantities require two kinematic equations to solve for the unknowns.

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 18

What is the acceleration of a rock thrown straight upward on the way up? At the top of its flight? On the way down? Assume there is no air resistance.

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 19

An object that is thrown straight up falls back to Earth. This is one-dimensional motion. (a) When is its velocity zero? (b) Does its velocity change direction? (c) Does the acceleration have the same sign on the way up as on the way down?

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 20

Suppose you throw a rock nearly straight up at a coconut in a palm tree and the rock just misses the coconut on the way up but hits the coconut on the way down. Neglecting air resistance and the slight horizontal variation in motion to account for the hit and miss of the coconut, how does the speed of the rock when it hits the coconut on the way down compare with what it would have been if it had hit the coconut on the way up? Is it more likely to dislodge the coconut on the way up or down? Explain.

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 21

The severity of a fall depends on your speed when you strike the ground. All factors but the acceleration from gravity being the same, how many times higher could a safe fall on the Moon than on Earth (gravitational acceleration on the Moon is about one-sixth that of the Earth)?

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 22

How many times higher could an astronaut jump on the Moon than on Earth if her takeoff speed is the same in both locations (gravitational acceleration on the Moon is about on-sixth of that on Earth)?

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 23

When given the acceleration function, what additional information is needed to find the velocity function and position function?

Nishant Kumar

Numerade Educator

Problem 24

Consider a coordinate system in which the positive $x$ axis is directed upward vertically. What are the positions of a particle (a) $5.0 \mathrm{m}$ directly above the origin and (b) $2.0 \mathrm{m}$ below the origin?

Aparna Shakti

Numerade Educator

Problem 25

A car is 2.0 km west of a traffic light at $t=0$ and 5.0 km east of the light at $t=6.0$ min. Assume the origin of the coordinate system is the light and the positive $x$ direction is eastward. (a) What are the car's position vectors at these two times? (b) What is the car's displacement between 0 min and 6.0 min?

Manish Kumar ( Iit K )

Manish Kumar ( Iit K )

Numerade Educator

Problem 26

The Shanghai maglev train connects Longyang Road to Pudong International Airport, a distance of $30 \mathrm{km}$. The journey takes 8 minutes on average. What is the maglev train's average velocity?

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 27

The position of a particle moving along the $x$ -axis is given by $x(t)=4.0-2.0 t \mathrm{m} .$ (a) At what time does the particle cross the origin? (b) What is the displacement of the particle between $t=3.0 \mathrm{s}$ and $t=6.0 \mathrm{s} ?$

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 28

A cyclist rides $8.0 \mathrm{km}$ east for 20 minutes, then he turns and heads west for 8 minutes and $3.2 \mathrm{km}$. Finally, he rides east for $16 \mathrm{km},$ which takes 40 minutes. (a) What is the final displacement of the cyclist? (b) What is his average velocity?

Manish Kumar ( Iit K )

Manish Kumar ( Iit K )

Numerade Educator

Problem 29

On February 15, 2013, a superbolide meteor (brighter Chelyabinsk, Russia, and exploded at an altitude of 23.5 km. Eyewitnesses could feel the intense heat from the fireball, and the blast wave from the explosion blew out windows in buildings. The blast wave took approximately 2 minutes 30 seconds to reach ground level. (a) What was the average velocity of the blast wave? b) Compare this with the speed of sound, which is $343 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ at sea level.

Vishal Gupta

Numerade Educator

Problem 30

A woodchuck runs 20 m to the right in 5 s, then turns and runs $10 \mathrm{m}$ to the left in $3 \mathrm{s}$. (a) What is the average velocity of the woodchuck? (b) What is its average speed?

Suman Saurav Thakur

Suman Saurav Thakur

Numerade Educator

Problem 31

Sketch the velocity-versus-time graph from the following position-versus-time graph.

William Dunkerton

William Dunkerton

Numerade Educator

Problem 32

Sketch the velocity-versus-time graph from the following position-versus-time graph.

William Dunkerton

William Dunkerton

Numerade Educator

Problem 33

Given the following velocity-versus-time graph, sketch the position-versus-time graph.

Supratim Pal

Numerade Educator

Problem 34

An object has a position function $x(t)=5 t \mathrm{m}$. (a) What is the velocity as a function of time? (b) Graph the position function and the velocity function.

Brandy Heflin

Numerade Educator

Problem 35

A particle moves along the $x$ -axis according to $x(t)=10 t-2 t^{2} \mathrm{m} \cdot(\text { a) } \mathrm{What}$ is the instantaneous velocity at $t=2 \mathrm{s}$ and $t=3 \mathrm{s} ?(\mathrm{b})$ What is the instantaneous speed at these times? (c) What is the average velocity between $t=2$
s and $t=3$ s?

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 36

A particle moves along the $x$ -axis according to $x(t)=3 t^{3}+5 t .$ At what time is the velocity of the particle equal to zero? Is this reasonable?

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 37

A cheetah can accelerate from rest to a speed of 30.0 $\mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ in $7.00 \mathrm{s}$. What is its acceleration?

Keshav Singh

Numerade Educator

Problem 38

Dr. John Paul Stapp was a U.S. Air Force officer who studied the effects of extreme acceleration on the human body. On December $10,1954,$ Stapp rode a rocket sled, accelerating from rest to a top speed of $282 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ (1015 $\mathrm{km} / \mathrm{h}$ ) in $5.00 \mathrm{s}$ and was brought jarringly back to rest in only 1.40 s. Calculate his (a) acceleration in his direction of motion and (b) acceleration opposite to his direction of motion. Express each in multiples of $g\left(9.80 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}\right)$ by taking its ratio to the acceleration of gravity.

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 39

Sketch the acceleration-versus-time graph from the following velocity-versus-time graph.

William Dunkerton

William Dunkerton

Numerade Educator

Problem 40

A commuter backs her car out of her garage with an acceleration of $1.40 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$. (a) How long does it take her to reach a speed of $2.00 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ ? (b) If she then brakes to a stop in 0.800 s, what is her acceleration?

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 41

Assume an intercontinental ballistic missile goes from rest to a suborbital speed of $6.50 \mathrm{km} / \mathrm{s}$ in $60.0 \mathrm{s}$ (the actual speed and time are classified). What is its average acceleration in meters per second and in multiples of $\bar{g}$ $\left(9.80 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}\right) ?$

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 42

An airplane, starting from rest, moves down the runway at constant acceleration for 18 s and then takes off at a speed of $60 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$. What is the average acceleration of the plane?

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 43

A particle moves in a straight line at a constant velocity of $30 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$. What is its displacement between $t=0$ and $t=5.0 \mathrm{s} ?$

Vishal Gupta

Numerade Educator

Problem 44

A particle moves in a straight line with an initial velocity of $0 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ and a constant acceleration of $30 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$. If $t=0$ at $x=0,$ what is the particle's position at $t=5 \mathrm{s} ?$

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 45

A particle moves in a straight line with an initial velocity of $30 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ and constant acceleration $30 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$. (a) What is its displacement at $t=5 \mathrm{s} ?$ (b) What is its velocity at this same time?

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 46

(a) Sketch a graph of velocity versus time corresponding to the graph of displacement versus time given in the following figure. (b) Identify the time or times $\left(t_{\mathrm{a}}, t_{\mathrm{b}}, t_{\mathrm{c}}, \text { etc. }\right)$ at which the instantaneous velocity has the greatest positive value. (c) At which times is it zero? (d) At which times is it negative?

Brandy Heflin

Numerade Educator

Problem 47

(a) Sketch a graph of acceleration versus time corresponding to the graph of velocity versus time given in the following figure. (b) Identify the time or times $\left(t_{a}, t_{b},\right.$ $t_{\mathrm{c}}$ etc.) at which the acceleration has the greatest positive value. (c) At which times is it zero? (d) At which times is it negative?

William Dunkerton

William Dunkerton

Numerade Educator

Problem 48

A particle has a constant acceleration of $6.0 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$ (a) If its initial velocity is $2.0 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$, at what time is its displacement 5.0 m? (b) What is its velocity at that time?

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 49

At $t=10 \mathrm{s},$ a particle is moving from left to right with a speed of $5.0 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$. At $t=20 \mathrm{s}$, the particle is moving right to left with a speed of $8.0 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$. Assuming the particle's acceleration is constant, determine (a) its acceleration, (b) its initial velocity, and (c) the instant when its velocity is zero.

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 50

A well-thrown ball is caught in a well-padded mitt. If the acceleration of the ball is $2.10 \times 10^{4} \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}^{2},$ and 1.85 $\mathrm{ms}\left(1 \mathrm{ms}=10^{-3} \mathrm{s}\right)$ elapses from the time the ball first touches the mitt until it stops, what is the initial velocity of the ball?

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 51

A bullet in a gun is accelerated from the firing chamber to the end of the barrel at an average rate of $6.20 \times 10^{5} \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$ for $8.10 \times 10^{-4} \mathrm{s}$. What is its muzzle velocity (that is, its final velocity)?

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 52

(a) A light-rail commuter train accelerates at a rate of $1.35 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}^{2} .$ How long does it take to reach its top speed of 80.0 $\mathrm{km} / \mathrm{h}$, starting from rest? (b) The same train ordinarily decelerates at a rate of $1.65 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}^{2} .$ How long does it take to come to a stop from its top speed? (c) In emergencies, the train can decelerate more rapidly, coming to rest from $80.0 \mathrm{km} / \mathrm{h}$ in $8.30 \mathrm{s}$. What is its emergency acceleration in meters per second squared?

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 53

While entering a freeway, a car accelerates from rest at a rate of $2.40 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$ for $12.0 \mathrm{s}$. (a) Draw a sketch of the situation. (b) List the knowns in this problem. (c) How far does the car travel in those $12.0 \mathrm{s}$ ? To solve this part, first identify the unknown, then indicate how you chose the appropriate equation to solve for it. After choosing the equation, show your steps in solving for the unknown, check your units, and discuss whether the answer is reasonable. (d) What is the car's final velocity? Solve for this unknown in the same manner as in (c), showing all steps explicitly.

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 54

At the end of a race, a runner decelerates from a velocity of $9.00 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ at a rate of $2.00 \mathrm{m} /$s. (a) How far does she travel in the next 5.00 s? (b) What is her final velocity? (c) Evaluate the result. Does it make sense?

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 55

Blood is accelerated from rest to $30.0 \mathrm{cm} / \mathrm{s}$ in a distance of $1.80 \mathrm{cm}$ by the left ventricle of the heart. (a) Make a sketch of the situation. (b) List the knowns in this problem. (c) How long does the acceleration take? To solve this part, first identify the unknown, then discuss how you chose the appropriate equation to solve for it. After choosing the equation, show your steps in solving for the unknown, checking your units. (d) Is the answer reasonable when compared with the time for a heartbeat?

Keshav Singh

Numerade Educator

Problem 56

During a slap shot, a hockey player accelerates the puck from a velocity of $8.00 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ to $40.0 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ in the same direction. If this shot takes $3.33 \times 10^{-2} \mathrm{s}$, what is the distance over which the puck accelerates?

Nishant Kumar

Numerade Educator

Problem 57

A powerful motorcycle can accelerate from rest to $26.8 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}(100 \mathrm{km} / \mathrm{h})$ in only $3.90 \mathrm{s}$. (a) What is its average acceleration? (b) How far does it travel in that time?

Keshav Singh

Numerade Educator

Problem 58

Freight trains can produce only relatively small accelerations. (a) What is the final velocity of a freight train that accelerates at a rate of $0.0500 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$ for $8.00 \mathrm{min}$, starting with an initial velocity of $4.00 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ ? (b) If the train can slow down at a rate of $0.550 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$, how long will it take to come to a stop from this velocity? (c) How far will it travel in each case?

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 59

A fireworks shell is accelerated from rest to a velocity of $65.0 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ over a distance of $0.250 \mathrm{m}$. (a) Calculate the acceleration. (b) How long did the acceleration last?

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 60

A swan on a lake gets airbome by flapping its wings and running on top of the water. (a) If the swan must reach a velocity of $6.00 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ to take off and it accelerates from rest at an average rate of $0.35 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}^{2},$ how far will it travel before becoming airborne? (b) How long does this take?

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 61

A woodpecker's brain is specially protected from large accelerations by tendon-like attachments inside the skull. While pecking on a tree, the woodpecker's head comes to a stop from an initial velocity of $0.600 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ in a distance of only $2.00 \mathrm{mm}$. (a) Find the acceleration in meters per second squared and in multiples of $g$, where $g=9.80 \mathrm{m} /$ s $^{2}$. (b) Calculate the stopping time. (c) The tendons cradling the brain stretch, making its stopping distance $4.50 \mathrm{mm}$ (greater than the head and, hence, less acceleration of the brain). What is the brain's acceleration, expressed in multiples of $g$ ?

Massimo Antonelli

Massimo Antonelli

Numerade Educator

Problem 62

An unwary football player collides with a padded goalpost while running at a velocity of $7.50 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ and comes to a full stop after compressing the padding and his body 0.350 m. (a) What is his acceleration? (b) How long does the collision last?

Ankur S

Numerade Educator

Problem 63

A care package is dropped out of a cargo plane and lands in the forest. If we assume the care package speed on impact is $54 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}(123 \mathrm{mph}),$ then what is its acceleration? Assume the trees and snow stops it over a distance of 3.0m.

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 64

An express train passes through a station. It enters with an initial velocity of $22.0 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ and decelerates at a rate of $0.150 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$ as it goes through. The station is $210.0 \mathrm{m}$ long. (a) How fast is it going when the nose leaves the station? (b) How long is the nose of the train in the station?
(c) If the train is 130 m long, what is the velocity of the end of the train as it leaves? (d) When does the end of the train leave the station?

Massimo Antonelli

Massimo Antonelli

Numerade Educator

Problem 65

Dragsters can actually reach a top speed of $145.0 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ in only $4.45 \mathrm{s}$. (a) Calculate the average acceleration for such a dragster. (b) Find the final velocity of this dragster starting from rest and accelerating at the rate found in (a) for $402.0 \mathrm{m}$ (a quarter mile) without using any information on time. (c) Why is the final velocity greater than that used to find the average acceleration? (Hint: Consider whether the assumption of constant acceleration is valid for a dragster. If not, discuss whether the acceleration would be greater at the beginning or end of the run and what effect that would have on the final velocity.)

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 66

Calculate the displacement and velocity at times of (a) $0.500 \mathrm{s},$ (b) $1.00 \mathrm{s},$ (c) $1.50 \mathrm{s},$ and $(\mathrm{d}) 2.00 \mathrm{s}$ for a ball thrown straight up with an initial velocity of $15.0 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$. Take the point of release to be $y_{0}=0$.

Caitlin Walker

Numerade Educator

Problem 67

Calculate the displacement and velocity at times of (a) $0.500 \mathrm{s},$ (b) $1.00 \mathrm{s},$ (c) $1.50 \mathrm{s},$ (d) $2.00 \mathrm{s}$, and (e) $2.50 \mathrm{s}$ for a rock thrown straight down with an initial velocity of 14.0 m/s from the Verrazano Narrows Bridge in New York City. The roadway of this bridge is $70.0 \mathrm{m}$ above the water.

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 68

A basketball referee tosses the ball straight up for the starting tip-off. At what velocity must a basketball player leave the ground to rise $1.25 \mathrm{m}$ above the floor in an attempt to get the ball?

Caitlin Walker

Numerade Educator

Problem 69

A rescue helicopter is hovering over a person whose boat has sunk. One of the rescuers throws a life preserver straight down to the victim with an initial velocity of 1.40 $\mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ and observes that it takes $1.8 \mathrm{s}$ to reach the water. (a) List the knowns in this problem. (b) How high above the water was the preserver released? Note that the downdraft of the helicopter reduces the effects of air resistance on the falling life preserver, so that an acceleration equal to that of gravity is reasonable.

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 70

A dolphin in an aquatic show jumps straight up out of the water at a velocity of 15.0 m/s. (a) List the knowns in this problem. (b) How high does his body rise above the water? To solve this part, first note that the final velocity is now a known, and identify its value. Then, identify the unknown and discuss how you chose the appropriate equation to solve for it. After choosing the equation, show your steps in solving for the unknown, checking units, and discuss whether the answer is reasonable. (c) How long a time is the dolphin in the air? Neglect any effects resulting from his size or orientation.

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 71

A diver bounces straight up from a diving board, avoiding the diving board on the way down, and falls feet first into a pool. She starts with a velocity of $4.00 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ and her takeoff point is $1.80 \mathrm{m}$ above the pool. (a) What is her highest point above the board? (b) How long a time are her feet in the air? (c) What is her velocity when her feet hit the water?

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 72

(a) Calculate the height of a cliff if it takes 2.35 s for a rock to hit the ground when it is thrown straight up from the cliff with an initial velocity of $8.00 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$. (b) How long a time would it take to reach the ground if it is thrown straight down with the same speed?

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 73

A very strong, but inept, shot putter puts the shot straight up vertically with an initial velocity of $11.0 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$.
How long a time does he have to get out of the way if the shot was released at a height of $2.20 \mathrm{m}$ and he is $1.80 \mathrm{m}$ tall?

Vishal Gupta

Numerade Educator

Problem 74

You throw a ball straight up with an initial velocity of 15.0 m/s. It passes a tree branch on the way up at a height of $7.0 \mathrm{m}$. How much additional time elapses before the ball passes the tree branch on the way back down?

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 75

A kangaroo can jump over an object 2.50 m high. (a) Considering just its vertical motion, calculate its vertical speed when it leaves the ground. (b) How long a time is it in the air?

Farnood Ensan

Numerade Educator

Problem 76

Standing at the base of one of the cliffs of Mt. Arapiles in Victoria, Australia, a hiker hears a rock break loose from a height of $105.0 \mathrm{m}$. He can't see the rock right away, but then does. 1.50 s later. (a) How far above the hiker is the rock when he can hear it? (b) How much time does he have to move before the rock hits his head?

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 77

There is a 250-m-high cliff at Half Dome in Yosemite National Park in California. Suppose a boulder breaks loose from the top of this cliff. (a) How fast will it be going when it strikes the ground? (b) Assuming a reaction time of 0.300 s, how long a time will a tourist at the bottom have to get out of the way after hearing the sound of the rock breaking loose (neglecting the height of the tourist, which would become negligible anyway if hit)? The speed of sound is $335.0 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ on this day.

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 78

The acceleration of a particle varies with time according to the equation $a(t)=p t^{2}-q t^{3} .$ Initially, the velocity and position are zero. (a) What is the velocity as a function of time? (b) What is the position as a function of time?

Nishant Kumar

Numerade Educator

Problem 79

Between $t=0$ and $t=t_{0},$ a rocket moves straight upward with an acceleration given by $a(t)=A-B t^{1 / 2}$ where $A$ and $B$ are constants. (a) If $x$ is in meters and $t$ is in seconds, what are the units of $A$ and $B$ ? (b) If the rocket starts from rest, how does the velocity vary between $t=$
0 and $t=t_{0} ?$ (c) If its initial position is zero, what is the rocket's position as a function of time during this same time interval?

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 80

The velocity of a particle moving along the $x$ -axis varies with time according to $v(t)=A+B t^{-1},$ where $A=$ $2 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}, B=0.25 \mathrm{m},$ and $1.0 \mathrm{s} \leq t \leq 8.0 \mathrm{s} .$ Determine the
acceleration and position of the particle at $t=2.0 \mathrm{s}$ and $t=$ 5.0 s. Assume that $x(t=1 \mathrm{s})=0$.

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 81

A particle at rest leaves the origin with its velocity increasing with time according to $v(t)=3.2 t \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s} .$ At $5.0 \mathrm{s}$ the particle's velocity starts decreasing according to [16.0 $-1.5(t-5.0)] \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s} .$ This decrease continues until $t=11.0$s, after which the particle's velocity remains constant at 7.0 m/s. (a) What is the acceleration of the particle as a function of time? (b) What is the position of the particle at $t=2.0 \mathrm{s}$ $t=7.0 \mathrm{s},$ and $t=12.0 \mathrm{s} ?$

Supratim Pal

Numerade Educator

Problem 82

Professional baseball player Nolan Ryan could pitch a baseball at approximately $160.0 \mathrm{km} / \mathrm{h}$. At that average velocity, how long did it take a ball thrown by Ryan to reach home plate, which is $18.4 \mathrm{m}$ from the pitcher's mound? Compare this with the average reaction time of a human to a visual stimulus, which is $0.25 \mathrm{s}$.

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 83

An airplane leaves Chicago and makes the 3000-km trip to Los Angeles in $5.0 \mathrm{h}$. A second plane leaves Chicago one-half hour later and arrives in Los Angeles at the same time. Compare the average velocities of the two planes. Ignore the curvature of Earth and the difference in altitude between the two cities.

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 84

A cyclist rides 16.0 km east, then $8.0 \mathrm{km}$ west, then $8.0 \mathrm{km}$ east, then $32.0 \mathrm{km}$ west, and finally $11.2 \mathrm{km}$ east. If his average velocity is $24 \mathrm{km} /$ h, how long did it take him to complete the trip? Is this a reasonable time?

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 85

An object has an acceleration of $+1.2 \mathrm{cm} / \mathrm{s}^{2} .$ At $t=4.0 \mathrm{s},$ its velocity is $-3.4 \mathrm{cm} / \mathrm{s} .$ Determine the object's velocities at $t=1.0 \mathrm{s}$ and $t=6.0 \mathrm{s}$.

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 86

A particle moves along the $x$ -axis according to the equation $x(t)=2.0-4.0 t^{2} \mathrm{m} .$ What are the velocity and acceleration at $t=2.0 \mathrm{s}$ and $t=5.0 \mathrm{s} ?$

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 87

A particle moving at constant acceleration has velocities of $2.0 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ at $t=2.0 \mathrm{s}$ and $-7.6 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ at $t=5.2 \mathrm{s} .$ What is the acceleration of the particle?

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 88

A train is moving up a steep grade at constant velocity (see following figure) when its caboose breaks loose and starts rolling freely along the track. After $5.0 \mathrm{s}$, the caboose is $30 \mathrm{m}$ behind the train. What is the acceleration of the caboose?

Susan Hallstrom

Susan Hallstrom

Numerade Educator

Problem 89

An electron is moving in a straight line with a velocity of $4.0 \times 10^{5} \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$. It enters a region $5.0 \mathrm{cm}$ long where it undergoes an acceleration of $6.0 \times 10^{12} \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$ along the same straight line. (a) What is the electron's velocity when it emerges from this region? b) How long does the electron take to cross the region?

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 90

An ambulance driver is rushing a patient to the hospital. While traveling at $72 \mathrm{km} / \mathrm{h}$, she notices the traffic light at the upcoming intersections has turned amber. To reach the intersection before the light turns red, she must travel $50 \mathrm{m}$ in $2.0 \mathrm{s}$. (a) What minimum acceleration must the ambulance have to reach the intersection before the light turns red? (b) What is the speed of the ambulance when it reaches the intersection?

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 91

A motorcycle that is slowing down uniformly covers
2.0 successive $\mathrm{km}$ in $80 \mathrm{s}$ and $120 \mathrm{s}$, respectively. Calculate
(a) the acceleration of the motorcycle and (b) its velocity at the beginning and end of the 2 -km trip.

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 92

A cyclist travels from point A to point B in 10 min. During the first 2.0 min of her trip, she maintains a uniform acceleration of $0.090 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}^{2} .$ She then travels at constant
velocity for the next 5.0 min. Next, she decelerates at a constant rate so that she comes to a rest at point $\mathrm{B}$ 3.0 $\mathrm{min}$ later. (a) Sketch the velocity-versus-time graph for the trip.
(b) What is the acceleration during the last 3 min? (c) How far does the cyclist travel?

William Dunkerton

William Dunkerton

Numerade Educator

Problem 93

Two trains are moving at $30 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ in opposite directions on the same track. The engineers see simultaneously that they are on a collision course and apply the brakes when they are $1000 \mathrm{m}$ apart. Assuming both trains have the same acceleration, what must this acceleration be if the trains are to stop just short of colliding?

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 94

A 10.0-m-long truck moving with a constant velocity of $97.0 \mathrm{km} / \mathrm{h}$ passes a 3.0 -m-long car moving with a constant velocity of $80.0 \mathrm{km} / \mathrm{h}$. How much time elapses between the moment the front of the truck is even with the back of the car and the moment the back of the truck is even with the front of the car?

William Dunkerton

William Dunkerton

Numerade Educator

Problem 95

A police car waits in hiding slightly off the highway. A speeding car is spotted by the police car doing $40 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$. At the instant the speeding car passes the police car, the police car accelerates from rest at $4 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$ to catch the speeding car. How long does it take the police car to catch the speeding car?

Prabhu Ramji

Numerade Educator

Problem 96

Pablo is running in a half marathon at a velocity of $3 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s} .$ Another runner, Jacob, is 50 meters behind Pablo with the same velocity. Jacob begins to accelerate at 0.05 $\mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}^{2} .$ (a) How long does it take Jacob to catch Pablo? $(\mathrm{b})$ What is the distance covered by Jacob? (c) What is the final velocity of Jacob?

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 97

A runner approaches the finish line and is $75 \mathrm{m}$ away; her average speed at this position is $8 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s} .$ She decelerates at this point at $0.5 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}^{2} .$ How long does it take her to cross the finish line from $75 \mathrm{m}$ away? Is this reasonable?

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 98

An airplane accelerates at $5.0 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$ for $30.0 \mathrm{s}$. During this time, it covers a distance of $10.0 \mathrm{km}$. What are the initial and final velocities of the airplane?

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 99

Compare the distance traveled of an object that undergoes a change in velocity that is twice its initial velocity with an object that changes its velocity by four times its initial velocity over the same time period. The accelerations of both objects are constant.

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 100

An object is moving east with a constant velocity and is at position $x_{0}$ at time $t_{0}=0 .$ (a) With what acceleration must the object have for its total displacement to be zero at a later time $t$ ? (b) What is the physical interpretation of the solution in the case for $t \rightarrow \infty$ ?

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 101

A ball is thrown straight up. It passes a 2.00-m-high window $7.50 \mathrm{m}$ off the ground on its path up and takes $1.30 \mathrm{s}$ to go past the window. What was the ball's initial velocity?

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 102

A coin is dropped from a hot-air balloon that is 300 m above the ground and rising at $10.0 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ upward. For the coin, find (a) the maximum height reached, (b) its position and velocity 4.00 s after being released, and (c) the time before it hits the ground.

Rashmi Sinha

Numerade Educator

Problem 103

A soft tennis ball is dropped onto a hard floor from a height of $1.50 \mathrm{m}$ and rebounds to a height of $1.10 \mathrm{m}$.
(a) Calculate its velocity just before it strikes the floor. (b) Calculate its velocity just after it leaves the floor on its way back up. (c) Calculate its acceleration during contact with the floor if that contact lasts $3.50 \mathrm{ms}\left(3.50 \times 10^{-3} \mathrm{s}\right)(\mathrm{d})$
How much did the ball compress during its collision with the floor, assuming the floor is absolutely rigid?

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 104

A raindrop falls from a cloud $100 \mathrm{m}$ above the ground. Neglect air resistance. What is the speed of the raindrop when it hits the ground? Is this a reasonable number?

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 105

Compare the time in the air of a basketball player who jumps $1.0 \mathrm{m}$ vertically off the floor with that of a player who jumps $0.3 \mathrm{m}$ vertically.

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 106

Suppose that a person takes 0.5 s to react and move his hand to catch an object he has dropped. (a) How far does the object fall on Earth, where $g=9.8 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}^{2} ?$ (b) How far does the object fall on the Moon, where the acceleration due to gravity is $1 / 6$ of that on Earth?

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 107

A hot-air balloon rises from ground level at a constant velocity of $3.0 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$. One minute after liftoff, a sandbag is dropped accidentally from the balloon. Calculate (a) the time it takes for the sandbag to reach the ground and (b) the velocity of the sandbag when it hits the ground.

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 108

(a) A world record was set for the men's 100-m dash in the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing by Usain Bolt of Jamaica. Bolt "coasted" across the finish line with a time of 9.69 s. If we assume that Bolt accelerated for 3.00 s to reach his maximum speed, and maintained that speed for the rest of the race, calculate his maximum speed and his acceleration. (b) During the same Olympics, Bolt also set
the world record in the 200 -m dash with a time of 19.30 s. Using the same assumptions as for the $100-\mathrm{m}$ dash, what was his maximum speed for this race?

Vishal Gupta

Numerade Educator

Problem 109

An object is dropped from a height of $75.0 \mathrm{m}$ above ground level. (a) Determine the distance traveled during the first second. (b) Determine the final velocity at which the object hits the ground. (c) Determine the distance traveled during the last second of motion before hitting the ground.

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 110

A steel ball is dropped onto a hard floor from a height of $1.50 \mathrm{m}$ and rebounds to a height of $1.45 \mathrm{m}$. (a) Calculate its velocity just before it strikes the floor. (b) Calculate its velocity just after it leaves the floor on its way back up.
(c) Calculate its acceleration during contact with the floor if that contact lasts $0.0800 \mathrm{ms}\left(8.00 \times 10^{-5} \mathrm{s}\right)$ (d) How much did the ball compress during its collision with the floor, assuming the floor is absolutely rigid?

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 111

An object is dropped from a roof of a building of height $h$. During the last second of its descent, it drops a distance $h / 3$. Calculate the height of the building.

Susan Hallstrom

Susan Hallstrom

Numerade Educator

Problem 112

In a 100 -m race, the winner is timed at 11.2 s. The second-place finisher's time is 11.6 s. How far is the second-place finisher behind the winner when she crosses the finish line? Assume the velocity of each runner is constant throughout the race.

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 113

The position of a particle moving along the $x$ -axis varies with time according to $x(t)=5.0 t^{2}-4.0 t^{3} \mathrm{m} .$ Find (a) the velocity and acceleration of the particle as functions of time, (b) the velocity and acceleration at $t=2.0 \mathrm{s},(\mathrm{c})$ the time at which the position is a maximum, (d) the time at which the velocity is zero, and (e) the maximum position.

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator

Problem 114

A cyclist sprints at the end of a race to clinch a victory. She has an initial velocity of $11.5 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ and accelerates at a rate of $0.500 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$ for $7.00 \mathrm{s}$. (a) What is her final velocity? (b) The cyclist continues at this velocity to the finish line. If she is 300 m from the finish line when she starts to accelerate, how much time did she save? (c) The second-place winner was $5.00 \mathrm{m}$ ahead when the winner started to accelerate, but he was unable to accelerate, and traveled at $11.8 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ until the finish line. What was the difference in finish time in seconds between the winner and runner-up? How far back was the runner-up when the winner crossed the finish line?

Susan Hallstrom

Susan Hallstrom

Numerade Educator

Problem 115

In 1967, New Zealander Burt Munro set the world record for an Indian motorcycle, on the Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah, of $295.38 \mathrm{km} / \mathrm{h}$. The one-way course was $8.00 \mathrm{km}$ long. Acceleration rates are often described by the time it takes to reach $96.0 \mathrm{km} / \mathrm{h}$ from rest. If this time was 4.00 s and Burt accelerated at this rate until he reached his maximum speed, how long did it take Burt to complete the course?

Surjit Tewari

Numerade Educator