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Introduction To Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

Yunus A. Cengel

Chapter 11

Transient Heat Conduction - all with Video Answers

Educators


Chapter Questions

Problem 1

What is lumped system analysis? When is it applicable?

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Problem 2

Consider heat transfer between two identical hot solid bodies and the air surrounding them. The first solid is being cooled by a fan while the second one is allowed to cool naturally. For which solid is the lumped system analysis more likely to be applicable? Why?

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04:30

Problem 3

Consider heat transfer between two identical hot solid bodies and their environments. The first solid is dropped in a large container filled with water, while the second one is allowed to cool naturally in the air. For which solid is the lumped system analysis more likely to be applicable? Why?

Mahendra Rathore
Mahendra Rathore
Numerade Educator
02:02

Problem 4

Consider a hot baked potato on a plate. The temperature of the potato is observed to drop by $4^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ during the first minute. Will the temperature drop during the second minute be less than, equal to, or more than $4^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ ? Why?

Narayan Hari
Narayan Hari
Numerade Educator
02:02

Problem 5

Consider a potato being baked in an oven that is maintained at a constant temperature. The temperature of the potato is observed to rise by $5^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ during the first minute. Will the temperature rise during the second minute be less than, equal to, or more than $5^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ ? Why?

Narayan Hari
Narayan Hari
Numerade Educator
01:16

Problem 6

What is the physical significance of the Biot number? Is the Biot number more likely to be larger for highly conducting solids or poorly conducting ones?

Zhuxi Luo
Zhuxi Luo
Numerade Educator

Problem 7

Consider two identical $4-\mathrm{kg}$ pieces of roast beef. The first piece is baked as a whole, while the second is baked after being cut into two equal pieces in the same oven. Will there be any difference between the cooking times of the whole and cut roasts? Why?

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02:26

Problem 8

Consider a sphere and a cylinder of equal volume made of copper. Both the sphere and the cylinder are initially at the same temperature and are exposed to convection in the same environment. Which do you think will cool faster, the cylinder or the sphere? Why?

Mahendra Rathore
Mahendra Rathore
Numerade Educator
01:26

Problem 9

In what medium is the lumped system analysis more likely to be applicable: in water or in air? Why?

Anand Jangid
Anand Jangid
Numerade Educator
03:30

Problem 10

For which solid is the lumped system analysis more likely to be applicable: an actual apple or a golden apple of the same size? Why?

Yaqub Khan
Yaqub Khan
Numerade Educator

Problem 11

For which kind of bodies made of the same material is the lumped system analysis more likely to be applicable: slender ones or well-rounded ones of the same volume? Why?

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Problem 12

Obtain relations for the characteristic lengths of a large plane wall of thickness $2 L$, a very long cylinder of radius $r_o$, and a sphere of radius $r_o$.

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Problem 13

Obtain a relation for the time required for a lumped system to reach the average temperature $\frac{1}{2}\left(T_i+T_{\infty}\right)$, where $T_i$ is the initial temperature and $T_{\infty}$ is the temperature of the environment.

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Problem 14

The temperature of a gas stream is to be measured by a thermocouple whose junction can be approximated as a $1.2-\mathrm{mm}$-diameter sphere. The properties of the junction are $k=35 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, \rho=8500 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^3$, and $c_p=320 \mathrm{~J} / \mathrm{kg} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, and the heat transfer coefficient between the junction and the gas is $h=90 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^2 \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Determine how long it will take for the thermocouple to read 99 percent of the initial temperature difference.

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02:00

Problem 15

In a manufacturing facility, 2 -in-diameter brass balls $\left(k=64.1 \mathrm{Btu} / \mathrm{h} \cdot \mathrm{ft} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{F}, \rho=532 \mathrm{lbm} / \mathrm{ft}^3\right.$, and $c_p=$ $0.092 \mathrm{Btu} / \mathrm{lbm} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$ ) initially at $250^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$ are quenched in a water bath at $120^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$ for a period of 2 min at a rate of 120 balls per minute. If the convection heat transfer coefficient is $42 \mathrm{Btu} / \mathrm{h} \cdot \mathrm{ft}^2 \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$, determine (a) the temperature of the balls after quenching and (b) the rate at which heat needs to be removed from the water in order to keep its temperature constant at $120^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$.

Anand Jangid
Anand Jangid
Numerade Educator
05:26

Problem 16

Repeat Prob. 11-15E for aluminum balls.

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator

Problem 17

To warm up some milk for a baby, a mother pours milk into a thin-walled glass whose diameter is 6 cm . The height of the milk in the glass is 7 cm . She then places the glass into a large pan filled with hot water at $60^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. The milk is stirred constantly, so that its temperature is uniform at all times. If the heat transfer coefficient between the water and the glass is $120 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^2 \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, determine how long it will take for the milk to warm up from $3^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ to $38^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Take the properties of the milk to be the same as those of water. Can the milk in this case be treated as a lumped system? Why?

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03:42

Problem 18

Repeat Prob. 11-17 for the case of water also being stirred, so that the heat transfer coefficient is doubled to $240 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^2$. ${ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
Numerade Educator
03:47

Problem 19

A long copper rod of diameter 2.0 cm is initially at a uniform temperature of $100^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. It is now exposed to an air stream at $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ with a heat transfer coefficient of $200 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^2$. K . How long would it take for the copper road to cool to an average temperature of $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ ?

Anand Jangid
Anand Jangid
Numerade Educator

Problem 20

Consider a sphere of diameter 5 cm , a cube of side length 5 cm , and a rectangular prism of dimension $4 \mathrm{~cm} \times 5 \mathrm{~cm} \times 6 \mathrm{~cm}$, all initially at $0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and all made of silver $\left(k=429 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, \rho=10,500 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^3, c_p=0.235 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{kg} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right)$. Now all three of these geometries are exposed to ambient air at $33^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ on all of their surfaces with a heat transfer coefficient of $12 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^2 \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Determine how long it will take for the temperature of each geometry to rise to $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$.

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07:16

Problem 21

During a picnic on a hot summer day, all the cold drinks disappeared quickly, and the only available drinks were those at the ambient temperature of $90^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$. In an effort to cool a 12-fluid-oz drink in a can, which is 5 in high and has a diameter of 2.5 in , a person grabs the can and starts shaking it in the iced water of the chest at $32^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$. The temperature of the drink can be assumed to be uniform at all times, and the heat transfer coefficient between the iced water and the aluminum can is $30 \mathrm{Btu} / \mathrm{h} \cdot \mathrm{ft}^2 \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$. Using the properties of water for the drink, estimate how long it will take for the canned drink to cool to $40^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$.

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator
05:01

Problem 22

Consider a 1000-W iron whose base plate is made of 0.5 -cm-thick aluminum alloy 20211 -T6 ( $\rho=2770 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^3$, $c_p=875 \mathrm{~J} / \mathrm{kg} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, \alpha=7.3 \times 10^{-5} \mathrm{~m}^2 / \mathrm{s}$ ). The base plate has a surface area of $0.03 \mathrm{~m}^2$. Initially, the iron is in thermal equilibrium with the ambient air at $22^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Taking the heat transfer coefficient at the surface of the base plate to be $12 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^2 \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and assuming 85 percent of the heat generated in the resistance wires is transferred to the plate, determine how long it will take for the plate temperature to reach $140^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Is it realistic to assume the plate temperature to be uniform at all times?

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator
05:52

Problem 23

Reconsider Prob. 11-22. Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effects of the heat transfer coefficient and the final plate temperature on the time it will take for the plate to reach this temperature. Let the heat transfer coefficient vary from $5 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^2 \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ to $25 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^2 \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and the temperature from $30^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ to $200^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Plot the time as functions of the heat transfer coefficient and the temperature, and discuss the results.

Bret Rosen
Bret Rosen
Numerade Educator
05:32

Problem 24

Stainless steel ball bearings ( $\rho=8085 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^3, k=$ $15.1 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, c_p=0.480 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{kg} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, and $\alpha=3.91 \times 10^{-6}$ $\mathrm{m}^2 / \mathrm{s}$ ) having a diameter of 1.2 cm are to be quenched in water. The balls leave the oven at a uniform temperature of $900^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and are exposed to air at $30^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ for a while before they are dropped into the water. If the temperature of the balls is not to fall below $850^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ prior to quenching and the heat transfer coefficient in the air is $125 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^2$. ${ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, determine how long they can stand in the air before being dropped into the water.

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator
03:35

Problem 25

Carbon steel balls ( $\rho=7833 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^3, k=54 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}$. ${ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, c_p=0.465 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{kg} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, and $\left.\alpha=1.474 \times 10^{-6} \mathrm{~m}^2 / \mathrm{s}\right) 8 \mathrm{~mm}$ in diameter are annealed by heating them first to $900^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ in a furnace and then allowing them to cool slowly to $100^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ in ambient air at $35^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. If the average heat transfer coeffi-cient is $75 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^2 \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, determine how long the annealing process will take. If 2500 balls are to be annealed per hour, determine the total rate of heat transfer from the balls to the ambient air.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
Numerade Educator
07:24

Problem 26

Reconsider Prob. 11-25. Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of the initial temperature of the balls on the annealing time and the total rate of heat transfer. Let the temperature vary from $500^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ to $1000^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Plot the time and the total rate of heat transfer as a function of the initial temperature, and discuss the results.

Bret Rosen
Bret Rosen
Numerade Educator
03:30

Problem 27

An electronic device dissipating 20 W has a mass of 20 g , a specific heat of $850 \mathrm{~J} / \mathrm{kg} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, and a surface area of $4 \mathrm{~cm}^2$. The device is lightly used, and it is on for 5 min and then off for several hours, during which it cools to the ambient temperature of $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Taking the heat transfer coefficient to be $12 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^2$, ${ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, determine the temperature of the device at the end of the $5-\mathrm{min}$ operating period. What would your answer be if the device were attached to an aluminum heat sink having a mass of 200 g and a surface area of $80 \mathrm{~cm}^2$ ? Assume the device and the heat sink to be nearly isothermal.

Kratika Bhadauria
Kratika Bhadauria
Numerade Educator

Problem 28

What is an infinitely long cylinder? When is it proper to treat an actual cylinder as being infinitely long, and when is it not? For example, is it proper to use this model when finding the temperatures near the bottom or top surfaces of a cylinder? Explain.

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Problem 29

Can the transient temperature charts in Fig. 11-15 for a plane wall exposed to convection on both sides be used for a plane wall with one side exposed to convection while the other side is insulated? Explain.

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Problem 30

Why are the transient temperature charts prepared using nondimensionalized quantities such as the Biot and Fourier numbers instead of the actual variables such as thermal conductivity and time?

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Problem 31

What is the physical significance of the Fourier number? Will the Fourier number for a specified heat transfer problem double when the time is doubled?

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Problem 32

How can we use the transient temperature charts when the surface temperature of the geometry is specified instead of the temperature of the surrounding medium and the convection heat transfer coefficient?

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02:47

Problem 33

A body at an initial temperature of $T_i$ is brought into a medium at a constant temperature of $T_{\infty}$. How can you determine the maximum possible amount of heat transfer between the body and the surrounding medium?

Vipender Yadav
Vipender Yadav
Numerade Educator

Problem 34

The Biot number during a heat transfer process between a sphere and its surroundings is determined to be 0.02 . Would you use lumped system analysis or the transient temperature charts when determining the midpoint temperature of the sphere? Why?

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02:34

Problem 35

A student calculates that the total heat transfer from a spherical copper ball of diameter 18 cm initially at $200^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and its environment at a constant temperature of $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ during the first 20 min of cooling is 3150 kJ . Is this result reasonable? Why?

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
Numerade Educator

Problem 36

An experiment is to be conducted to determine heat transfer coefficient on the surfaces of tomatoes that are placed in cold water at $7^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. The tomatoes $\left(k=0.59 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right.$, $\alpha=0.141 \times 10^{-6} \mathrm{~m}^2 / \mathrm{s}, \rho=999 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^3, c_p=3.99 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{kg} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ ) with an initial uniform temperature of $30^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ are spherical in shape with a diameter of 8 cm . After a period of 2 hours, the temperatures at the center and the surface of the tomatoes are measured to be $10.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $7.1^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, respectively. Using analytical one-term approximation method (not the Heisler charts), determine the heat transfer coefficient and the amount of heat transfer during this period if there are eight such tomatoes in water.

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03:49

Problem 37

An ordinary egg can be approximated as a 5.5 cm diameter sphere whose properties are roughly $k=0.6 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}$. ${ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $\alpha=0.14 \times 10^{-6} \mathrm{~m}^2 / \mathrm{s}$. The egg is initially at a uniform temperature of $8^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and is dropped into boiling water at $97^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Taking the convection heat transfer coefficient to be $h$ $=1400 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^2 \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, determine how long it will take for the center of the egg to reach $70^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$.

Saman Zulfiqar
Saman Zulfiqar
Numerade Educator

Problem 38

Reconsider Prob. 11-37. Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of the final center temperature of the egg on the time it will take for the center to reach this temperature. Let the temperature vary from $50^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ to $95^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Plot the time versus the temperature, and discuss the results.

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05:02

Problem 39

In a production facility, 3-cm-thick large brass plates $\left(k=110 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, \rho=8530 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^3, c_p=380 \mathrm{~J} / \mathrm{kg} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right.$, and $\alpha=33.9 \times 10^{-6} \mathrm{~m}^2 / \mathrm{s}$ ) that are initially at a uniform temperature of $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ are heated by passing them through an oven maintained at $700^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. The plates remain in the oven for a period of 10 min . Taking the convection heat transfer coefficient to be $h=80 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^2 \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, determine the surface temperature of the plates when they come out of the oven.

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator

Problem 40

Reconsider Prob. 11-39. Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effects of the temperature of the oven and the heating time on the final surface temperature of the plates. Let the oven temperature vary from $500^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ to $900^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and the time from 2 min to 30 min . Plot the surface temperature as the functions of the oven temperature and the time, and discuss the results.

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Problem 41

A long 35-cm-diameter cylindrical shaft made of stainless steel $304\left(k=14.9 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, \rho=7900 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^3\right.$, $c_p=477 \mathrm{~J} / \mathrm{kg} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, and $\left.\alpha=3.95 \times 10^{-6} \mathrm{~m}^2 / \mathrm{s}\right)$ comes out of an oven at a uniform temperature of $400^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. The shaft is then allowed to cool slowly in a chamber at $150^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ with an average convection heat transfer coefficient of $h=60 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^2 \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Determine the temperature at the center of the shaft 20 min after the start of the cooling process. Also, determine the heat transfer per unit length of the shaft during this time period.

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Problem 42

(E Reconsider Prob. 11-41. Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of the cooling time on the final center temperature of the shaft and the amount of heat transfer. Let the time vary from 5 min to 60 min . Plot the center temperature and the heat transfer as a function of the time, and discuss the results.

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03:14

Problem 43

Long cylindrical AISI stainless steel rods ( $k=$ $7.74 \mathrm{Btu} / \mathrm{h} \cdot \mathrm{ft} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$ and $\alpha=0.135 \mathrm{ft}^2 / \mathrm{h}$ ) of 4 -in-diameter are heat treated by drawing them at a velocity of $7 \mathrm{ft} / \mathrm{min}$ through a 21 -ft-long oven maintained at $1700^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$. The heat transfer coefficient in the oven is $20 \mathrm{Btu} / \mathrm{h} \cdot \mathrm{ft}^2$. ${ }^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$. If the rods enter the oven at $70^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$, determine their centerline temperature when they leave.

Rashmi Sinha
Rashmi Sinha
Numerade Educator

Problem 44

In a meat processing plant, 2-cm-thick steaks ( $k=$ $0.45 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $\alpha=0.91 \times 10^{-7} \mathrm{~m}^2 / \mathrm{s}$ ) that are initially at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ are to be cooled by passing them through a refrigeration room at $-11^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. The heat transfer coefficient on both sides of the steaks is $9 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^2,{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. If both surfaces of the steaks are to be cooled to $2^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, determine how long the steaks should be kept in the refrigeration room.

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Problem 45

A long cylindrical wood $\log \left(k=0.17 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right.$ and $\alpha=1.28 \times 10^{-7} \mathrm{~m}^2 / \mathrm{s}$ ) is 10 cm in diameter and is initially at a uniform temperature of $15^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. It is exposed to hot gases at $550^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ in a fireplace with a heat transfer coefficient of $13.6 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^2$. ${ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ on the surface. If the ignition temperature of the wood is $420^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, determine how long it will be before the log ignites.

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Problem 46

In Betty Crocker's Cookbook, it is stated that it takes 2 h 45 min to roast a $3.2-\mathrm{kg}$ rib initially at $4.5^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ "rare" in an oven maintained at $163^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. It is recommended that a meat thermometer be used to monitor the cooking, and the rib is considered rare done when the thermometer inserted into the center of the thickest part of the meat registers $60^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. The rib can be treated as a homogeneous spherical object with the properties $\rho=1200 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^3, c_p=4.1 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{kg} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, k=0.45 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, and $\alpha=0.91 \times 10^{-7} \mathrm{~m}^2 / \mathrm{s}$. Determine (a) the heat transfer coefficient at the surface of the rib; (b) the temperature of the outer surface of the rib when it is done; and (c) the amount of heat transferred to the rib. (d) Using the values obtained, predict how long it will take to roast this rib to "medium" level, which occurs when the innermost temperature of the rib reaches $71^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Compare your result to the listed value of 3 h 20 min .

If the roast rib is to be set on the counter for about 15 min before it is sliced, it is recommended that the rib be taken out of the oven when the thermometer registers about $4^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ below the indicated value because the rib will continue cooking even after it is taken out of the oven. Do you agree with this recommendation?

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Problem 47

Repeat Prob. 11-46 for a roast rib that is to be "well-done" instead of "rare." A rib is considered to be welldone when its center temperature reaches $77^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, and the roasting in this case takes about 4 h 15 min .

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03:49

Problem 48

For heat transfer purposes, an egg can be considered to be a $5.5-\mathrm{cm}$-diameter sphere having the properties of water. An egg that is initially at $8^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ is dropped into the boiling water at $100^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. The heat transfer coefficient at the surface of the egg is estimated to be $800 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^2$ - ${ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. If the egg is considered cooked when its center temperature reaches $60^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, determine how long the egg should be kept in the boiling water.

Saman Zulfiqar
Saman Zulfiqar
Numerade Educator
04:15

Problem 49

Repeat Prob. 11-48 for a location at $1610-\mathrm{m}$ elevation such as Denver, Colorado, where the boiling temperature of water is $94.4^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
Numerade Educator
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Problem 50

The author and his then 6-year-old son have conducted the following experiment to determine the thermal conductivity of a hot dog. They first boiled water in a large pan and measured the temperature of the boiling water to be $94^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, which is not surprising, since they live at an elevation of about 1650 m in Reno, Nevada. They then took a hot dog that is 12.5 cm long and 2.2 cm in diameter and inserted a thermocouple into the midpoint of the hot dog and another thermocouple just under the skin. They waited until both thermocouples read $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, which is the ambient temperature. They then dropped the hot dog into boiling water and observed the changes in both temperatures. Exactly 2 min after the hot dog was dropped into the boiling water, they recorded the center and the surface temperatures to be $59^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $88^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, respectively. The density of the hot dog can be taken to be $980 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^3$, which is slightly less than the density of water, since the hot dog was observed to be floating in water while being almost completely immersed. The specific heat of a hot dog can be taken to be $3900 \mathrm{~J} / \mathrm{kg} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, which is slightly less than that of water, since a hot dog is mostly water. Using transient temperature charts, determine (a) the thermal diffusivity of the hot dog; (b) the thermal conductivity of the hot dog; and (c) the convection heat transfer coefficient.

Susan Hallstrom
Susan Hallstrom
Numerade Educator

Problem 51

Using the data and the answers given in Prob. 11-50, determine the center and the surface temperatures of the hot dog 4 min after the start of the cooking. Also determine the amount of heat transferred to the hot dog.

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Problem 52

In a chicken processing plant, whole chickens averaging 5 lbm each and initially at $65^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$ are to be cooled in the racks of a large refrigerator that is maintained at $5^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$. The entire chicken is to be cooled below $45^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$, but the temperature of the chicken is not to drop below $35^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$ at any point during refrigeration. The convection heat transfer coefficient and thus the rate of heat transfer from the chicken can be controlled by varying the speed of a circulating fan inside. Determine the heat transfer-coefficient that will enable us to meet both temperature constraints while keeping the refrigeration time to a minimum. The chicken can be treated as a homogeneous spherical object having the properties $\rho=74.9 \mathrm{lbm} / \mathrm{ft}^3$, $c_p=0.98 \mathrm{Btu} / \mathrm{lbm} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{F}, k=0.26 \mathrm{Btu} / \mathrm{h} \cdot \mathrm{ft} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$, and $\alpha=0.0035$ $\mathrm{ft}^2 / \mathrm{h}$.

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Problem 53

A person puts a few apples into the freezer at $-15^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ to cool them quickly for guests who are about to arrive. Initially, the apples are at a uniform temperature of $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, and the heat transfer coefficient on the surfaces is $8 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^2$, ${ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Treating the apples as 9 -cm-diameter spheres and taking their properties to be $\rho=840 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^3, c_p=3.81 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{kg} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, k=$ $0.418 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, and $\alpha=1.3 \times 10^{-7} \mathrm{~m}^2 / \mathrm{s}$, determine the center and surface temperatures of the apples in 1 h . Also, determine the amount of heat transfer from each apple.

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Problem 54

Reconsider Prob. 11-53. Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of the initial temperature of the apples on the final center and surface temperatures and the amount of heat transfer. Let the initial temperature vary from $2^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ to $30^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Plot the center temperature, the surface temperature, and the amount of heat transfer as a function of the initial temperature, and discuss the results.

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Problem 55

Citrus fruits are very susceptible to cold weather, and extended exposure to subfreezing temperatures can destroy them. Consider an 8 -cm-diameter orange that is initially at $15^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. A cold front moves in one night, and the ambient temperature suddenly drops to $-6^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, with a heat transfer coefficient of $15 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^2 \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Using the properties of water for the orange and assuming the ambient conditions to remain constant for 4 h before the cold front moves out, determine if any part of the orange will freeze that night.

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Problem 56

A 9-cm-diameter potato $\left(\rho=1100 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^3, c_p=\right.$ $3900 \mathrm{~J} / \mathrm{kg} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, k=0.6 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, and $\alpha=1.4 \times 10^{-7} \mathrm{~m}^2 / \mathrm{s}$ ) that is initially at a uniform temperature of $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ is baked in an oven at $170^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ until a temperature sensor inserted to the center of the potato indicates a reading of $70^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. The potato is then taken out of the oven and wrapped in thick towels so that almost no heat is lost from the baked potato. Assuming the heat transfer coefficient in the oven to be $40 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^2 \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, determine (a) how long the potato is baked in the oven and (b) the final equilibrium temperature of the potato after it is wrapped.

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Problem 57

White potatoes $\left(k=0.50 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right.$ and $\alpha=0.13 \times$ $10^{-6} \mathrm{~m}^2 / \mathrm{s}$ ) that are initially at a uniform temperature of $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and have an average diameter of 6 cm are to be cooled by refrigerated air at $2^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ flowing at a velocity of $4 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$. The average heat transfer coefficient between the potatoes and the air is experimentally determined to be $19 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^2$. ${ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Determine how long it will take for the center temperature of the potatoes to drop to $6^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Also, determine if any part of the potatoes will experience chilling injury during this process.

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Problem 58

Oranges of 2.5 -in-diameter $\left(k=0.26 \mathrm{Btu} / \mathrm{h} \cdot \mathrm{ft} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{F}\right.$ and $\alpha=1.4 \times 10^{-6} \mathrm{ft}^2 / \mathrm{s}$ ) initially at a uniform temperature of $78^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$ are to be cooled by refrigerated air at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$ flowing at a velocity of $1 \mathrm{ft} / \mathrm{s}$. The average heat transfer coefficient between the oranges and the air is experimentally determined to be $4.6 \mathrm{Btu} / \mathrm{h} \cdot \mathrm{ft}^2$. ${ }^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$. Determine how long it will take for the center temperature of the oranges to drop to $40^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$. Also, determine if any part of the oranges will freeze during this process.

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Problem 59

A $65-\mathrm{kg}$ beef carcass $\left(k=0.47 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right.$ and $\alpha=0.13 \times 10^{-6} \mathrm{~m}^2 / \mathrm{s}$ ) initially at a uniform temperature of $37^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ is to be cooled by refrigerated air at $-10^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ flowing at a velocity of $1.2 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$. The average heat transfer coefficient between the carcass and the air is $22 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^2$. ${ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Treating the carcass as a cylinder of diameter 24 cm and height 1.4 m and disregarding heat transfer from the base and top surfaces, determine how long it will take for the center temperature of the carcass to drop to $4^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Also, determine if any part of the carcass will freeze during this process.

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Problem 60

Layers of 23-cm-thick meat slabs $\left(k=0.47 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right.$ and $\alpha=0.13 \times 10^{-6} \mathrm{~m}^2 / \mathrm{s}$ ) initially at a uniform temperature of $7^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ are to be frozen by refrigerated air at $-30^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ flowing at a velocity of $1.4 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$. The average heat transfer coefficient between the meat and the air is $20 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^2$. ${ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Assuming the size of the meat slabs to be large relative to their thickness, determine how long it will take for the center temperature of the slabs to drop to $-18^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Also, determine the surface temperature of the meat slab at that time.

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Problem 61

Layers of 6-in-thick meat slabs $(k=0.26 \mathrm{Btu} /$ $\mathrm{h} \cdot \mathrm{ft} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$ and $\alpha=1.4 \times 10^{-6} \mathrm{ft}^2 / \mathrm{s}$ ) initially at a uniform temperature of $50^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$ are cooled by refrigerated air at $23^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$ to a temperature of $36^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$ at their center in 12 h . Estimate the average heat transfer coefficient during this cooling process.

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01:09

Problem 62

Chickens with an average mass of 1.7 kg ( $k=$ $0.45 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $\alpha=0.13 \times 10^{-6} \mathrm{~m}^2 / \mathrm{s}$ ) initially at a uniform temperature of $15^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ are to be chilled in agitated brine at $-7^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. The average heat transfer coefficient between the chicken and the brine is determined experimentally to be $440 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^2$. ${ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Taking the average density of the chicken to be $0.95 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{cm}^3$ and treating the chicken as a spherical lump, determine the center and the surface temperatures of the chicken in 2 h and 45 min . Also, determine if any part of the chicken will freeze during this process.

Naman Kumar
Naman Kumar
Numerade Educator

Problem 63

What is a semi-infinite medium? Give examples of solid bodies that can be treated as semi-infinite mediums for heat transfer purposes.

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Problem 64

Under what conditions can a plane wall be treated as a semi-infinite medium?

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Problem 65

Consider a hot semi-infinite solid at an initial temperature of $T_i$ that is exposed to convection to a cooler medium at a constant temperature of $T_x$, with a heat transfer coefficient of $h$. Explain how you can determine the total amount of heat transfer from the solid up to a specified time $t_o$.

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Problem 66

In areas where the air temperature remains below $0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ for prolonged periods of time, the freezing of water in underground pipes is a major concern. Fortunately, the soil remains relatively warm during those periods, and it takes weeks for the subfreezing temperatures to reach the water mains in the ground. Thus, the soil effectively serves as an insulation to protect the water from the freezing atmospheric temperatures in winter.

The ground at a particular location is covered with snow pack at $-8^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ for a continuous period of 60 days, and the average soil properties at that location are $k=0.35 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $\alpha=0.15 \times 80^{-6} \mathrm{~m}^2 / \mathrm{s}$. Assuming an initial uniform temperature of $8^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ for the ground, determine the minimum burial depth to prevent the water pipes from freezing.

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Problem 67

The soil temperature in the upper layers of the earth varies with the variations in the atmospheric conditions. Before a cold front moves in, the earth at a location is initially at a uniform temperature of $10^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Then the area is subjected to a temperature of $-10^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and high winds that resulted in a convection heat transfer coefficient of $40 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^2,{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ on the earth's surface for a period of 10 h . Taking the properties of the soil at that location to be $k=0.9 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $\alpha=1.6 \times 10^{-5} \mathrm{~m}^2 / \mathrm{s}$, determine the soil temperature at distances $0,10,20$, and 50 cm from the earth's surface at the end of this $10-\mathrm{h}$ period.

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Problem 68

Reconsider Prob. 11-67. Using EES (or other) software, plot the soil temperature as a function of the distance from the earth's surface as the distance varies from 0 m to 1 m , and discuss the results.

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Problem 69

A thick aluminum block initially at $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ is subjected to constant heat flux of $4000 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^2$ by an electric resistance heater whose top surface is insulated. Determine how much the surface temperature of the block will rise after 30 minutes.

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03:09

Problem 70

A bare-footed person whose feet are at $32^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ steps on a large aluminum block at $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Treating both the feet and the aluminum block as semi-infinite solids, determine the contact surface temperature. What would your answer be if the person stepped on a wood block instead? At room temperature, the $\sqrt{k \rho c_p}$ value is $24 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{m}^2$. ${ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ for aluminum, $0.38 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{m}^2,{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ for wood, and $1.1 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{m}^2 \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ for human flesh.

Jacob Paiste
Jacob Paiste
Numerade Educator
02:23

Problem 71

The walls of a furnace are made of 1.2 -ft-thick concrete ( $k=0.64 \mathrm{Btu} / \mathrm{h} \cdot \mathrm{ft} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$ and $\alpha=0.023 \mathrm{ft}^2 / \mathrm{h}$ ). Initially, the furnace and the surrounding air are in thermal equilibrium at $70^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$. The furnace is then fired, and the inner surfaces of the furnace are subjected to hot gases at $1800^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$ with a very large heat transfer coefficient. Determine how long it will take for the temperature of the outer surface of the furnace walls to rise to $70.1^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$.

Narayan Hari
Narayan Hari
Numerade Educator

Problem 72

A thick wood slab $\left(k=0.17 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right.$ and $\alpha=$ $1.28 \times 10^{-7} \mathrm{~m}^2 / \mathrm{s}$ ) that is initially at a uniform temperature of $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ is exposed to hot gases at $550^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ for a period of 5 min . The heat transfer coefficient between the gases and the wood slab is $35 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^2$. ${ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. If the ignition temperature of the wood is $450^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, determine if the wood will ignite.

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Problem 73

A large cast iron container $\left(k=52 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right.$ and $\alpha=1.70 \times 10^{-5} \mathrm{~m}^2 / \mathrm{s}$ ) with 5 - cm -thick walls is initially at a uniform temperature of $0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and is filled with ice at $0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Now the outer surfaces of the container are exposed to hot water at $60^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ with a very large heat transfer coefficient. Determine how long it will be before the ice inside the container starts melting. Also, taking the heat transfer coefficient on the inner surface of the container to be $250 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^2$. ${ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, determine the rate of heat transfer to the ice through a $1.2-\mathrm{m}$-wide and $2-\mathrm{m}$ high section of the wall when steady operating conditions are reached. Assume the ice starts melting when its inner surface temperature rises to $0.1^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$.

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01:05

Problem 74

What is the product solution method? How is it used to determine the transient temperature distribution in a two-dimensional system?

Samantha Lincroft
Samantha Lincroft
Numerade Educator
03:34

Problem 75

How is the product solution used to determine the variation of temperature with time and position in threedimensional systems?

James Kiss
James Kiss
Numerade Educator

Problem 76

A short cylinder initially at a uniform temperature $T_i$ is subjected to convection from all of its surfaces to a medium at temperature $T_{\infty}$. Explain how you can determine the temperature of the midpoint of the cylinder at a specified time $t$.

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Problem 77

Consider a short cylinder whose top and bottom surfaces are insulated. The cylinder is initially at a uniform temperature $T_i$ and is subjected to convection from its side surface to a medium at temperature $T_{\infty}$ with a heat transfer coefficient of $h$. Is the heat transfer in this short cylinder oneor two-dimensional? Explain.

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Problem 78

A short brass cylinder $\left(\rho=8530 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^3, c_p=\right.$ $0.389 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{kg} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, k=110 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, and $\alpha=3.39 \times$ $10^{-5} \mathrm{~m}^2 / \mathrm{s}$ ) of diameter $D=8 \mathrm{~cm}$ and height $H=15 \mathrm{~cm}$ is initially at a uniform temperature of $T_i=150^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. The cylinder is now placed in atmospheric air at $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, where heat transfer takes place by convection with a heat transfer coefficient of $h=40 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^2 \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Calculate (a) the center temperature of the cylinder; (b) the center temperature of the top surface of the cylinder; and (c) the total heat transfer from the cylinder 15 min after the start of the cooling.

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Problem 79

Reconsider Prob. 11-78. Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of the cooling time on the center temperature of the cylinder, the center temperature of the top surface of the cylinder, and the total heat transfer. Let the time vary from 5 min to 60 min . Plot the center temperature of the cylinder, the center temperature of the top surface, and the total heat transfer as a function of the time, and discuss the results.

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Problem 80

A semi-infinite aluminum cylinder $(k=237$ $\mathrm{W} / \mathrm{m} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, \alpha=9.71 \times 10^{-5} \mathrm{~m}^2 / \mathrm{s}$ ) of diameter $D=15 \mathrm{~cm}$ is initially at a uniform temperature of $T_i=115^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. The cylinder is now placed in water at $10^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, where heat transfer takes place by convection with a heat transfer coefficient of $h=$ $140 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^2 \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Determine the temperature at the center of the cylinder 5 cm from the end surface 8 min after the start of cooling.

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Problem 81

A hot dog can be considered to be a cylinder 5 in long and 0.8 in in diameter whose properties are $\rho=61.2 \mathrm{lbm} / \mathrm{ft}^3, c_p=0.93 \mathrm{Btu} / \mathrm{lbm} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{F}, k=0.44 \mathrm{Btu} /$ $\mathrm{h} \cdot \mathrm{ft} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$, and $\alpha=0.0077 \mathrm{ft}^2 / \mathrm{h}$. A hot dog initially at $40^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$ is dropped into boiling water at $212^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$. If the heat transfer coefficient at the surface of the hot dog is estimated to be 120 $\mathrm{Btu} / \mathrm{h} \cdot \mathrm{ft}^2$ - ${ }^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$, determine the center temperature of the hot dog after 5,10 , and 15 min by treating the hot $\operatorname{dog}$ as (a) a finite cylinder and (b) an infinitely long cylinder.

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04:15

Problem 82

Repeat Prob. 11-81E for a location at $5300-\mathrm{ft}$ elevation such as Denver, Colorado, where the boiling temperature of water is $202^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
Numerade Educator
03:19

Problem 83

A 5-cm-high rectangular ice block ( $k=2.22 \mathrm{~W} /$ $\mathrm{m} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $\alpha=0.124 \times 10^{-7} \mathrm{~m}^2 / \mathrm{s}$ ) initially at $-20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ is placed on a table on its square base $4 \mathrm{~cm} \times 4 \mathrm{~cm}$ in size in a room at $18^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. The heat transfer coefficient on the exposed surfaces of the ice block is $12 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^2$. ${ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Disregarding any heat transfer from the base to the table, determine how long it will be before the ice block starts melting. Where on the ice block will the first liquid droplets appear?

Surendra Kumar
Surendra Kumar
Numerade Educator

Problem 84

Reconsider Prob. 11-83. Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of the initial temperature of the ice block on the time period before the ice block starts melting. Let the initial temperature vary from $-26^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ to $-4^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Plot the time versus the initial temperature, and discuss the results.

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Problem 85

A 2-cm-high cylindrical ice block ( $k=2.22 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $\alpha=0.124 \times 10^{-7} \mathrm{~m}^2 / \mathrm{s}$ ) is placed on a table on its base of diameter 2 cm in a room at $24^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. The heat transfer coefficient on the exposed surfaces of the ice block is $13 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^2 \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, and heat transfer from the base of the ice block to the table is negligible. If the ice block is not to start melting at any point for at least 3 h , determine what the initial temperature of the ice block should be

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Problem 86

Consider a cubic block whose sides are 5 cm long and a cylindrical block whose height and diameter are also 5 cm . Both blocks are initially at $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and are made of granite ( $k=2.5 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $\alpha=1.15 \times 10^{-6} \mathrm{~m}^2 / \mathrm{s}$ ). Now both blocks are exposed to hot gases at $500^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ in a furnace on all of their surfaces with a heat transfer coefficient of $40 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^2 \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Determine the center temperature of each geometry after 10 , 20 , and 60 min .

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02:39

Problem 87

Repeat Prob. 11-86 with the heat transfer coefficient at the top and the bottom surfaces of each block being doubled to $80 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^2$. ${ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$.

Surjit Tewari
Surjit Tewari
Numerade Educator

Problem 88

A 20-cm-long cylindrical aluminum block ( $\rho=$ $2702 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^3, c_p=0.896 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{kg} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, k=236 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, and $\left.\alpha=9.75 \times 10^{-5} \mathrm{~m}^2 / \mathrm{s}\right), 15 \mathrm{~cm}$ in diameter, is initially at a uniform temperature of $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. The block is to be heated in a furnace at $1200^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ until its center temperature rises to $300^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. If the heat transfer coefficient on all surfaces of the block is $80 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^2$, ${ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, determine how long the block should be kept in the furnace. Also, determine the amount of heat transfer from the aluminum block if it is allowed to cool in the room until its temperature drops to $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ throughout.

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Problem 89

Repeat Prob. 11-88 for the case where the aluminum block is inserted into the furnace on a low-conductivity material so that the heat transfer to or from the bottom surface of the block is negligible.

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Problem 90

Reconsider Prob. 11-88. Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of the final center temperature of the block on the heating time and the amount of heat transfer. Let the final center temperature vary from $50^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ to $1000^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Plot the time and the heat transfer as a function of the final center temperature, and discuss the results.

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Problem 91

Consider two 2-cm-thick large steel plates ( $k=$ $43 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $\alpha=1.17 \times 10^{-5} \mathrm{~m}^2 / \mathrm{s}$ ) that were put on top of each other while wet and left outside during a cold winter night at $-15^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. The next day, a worker needs one of the plates, but the plates are stuck together because the freezing of the water between the two plates has bonded them together. In an effort to melt the ice between the plates and separate them, the worker takes a large hair dryer and blows hot air at $50^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ all over the exposed surface of the plate on the top. The convection heat transfer coefficient at the top surface is estimated to be $40 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^2 \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Determine how long the worker must keep blowing hot air before the two plates separate.

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Problem 92

Consider a curing kiln whose walls are made of 30 -cm-thick concrete whose properties are $k=0.9 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $\alpha=0.23 \times 10^{-5} \mathrm{~m}^2 / \mathrm{s}$. Initially, the kiln and its walls are in equilibrium with the surroundings at $6^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Then all the doors are closed and the kiln is heated by steam so that the temperature of the inner surface of the walls is raised to $42^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and is maintained at that level for 2.5 h . The curing kiln is then opened and exposed to the atmospheric air after the stream flow is turned off. If the outer surfaces of the walls of the kiln were insulated, would it save any energy that day during the period the kiln was used for curing for 2.5 h only, or would it make no difference? Base your answer on calculations.

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Problem 93

The water main in the cities must be placed at sufficient depth below the earth's surface to avoid freezing during extended periods of subfreezing temperatures. Determine the minimum depth at which the water main must be placed at a location where the soil is initially at $15^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and the earth's surface temperature under the worst conditions is expected to remain at $-10^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ for a period of 75 days. Take the properties of soil at that location to be $k=0.7 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $\alpha=1.4 \times 10^{-5} \mathrm{~m}^2 / \mathrm{s}$.

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Problem 94

A hot dog can be considered to be a 12 -cm-long cylinder whose diameter is 2 cm and whose properties are $\rho=980 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^3, c_p=3.9 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{kg} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, k=0.76 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, and $\alpha=2 \times 10^{-7} \mathrm{~m}^2 / \mathrm{s}$. A hot dog initially at $5^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ is dropped into boiling water at $100^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. The heat transfer coefficient at the surface of the hot dog is estimated to be $600 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^2$. ${ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. If the hot dog is considered cooked when its center temperature reaches $80^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, determine how long it will take to cook it in the boiling water.

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01:35

Problem 95

A long roll of $2-\mathrm{m}$-wide and $0.5-\mathrm{cm}$-thick $1-\mathrm{Mn}$ manganese steel plate coming off a furnace at $820^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ is to be quenched in an oil bath $\left(c_p=2.0 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{kg} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right)$ at $45^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. The metal sheet is moving at a steady velocity of $15 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{min}$, and the oil bath is 9 m long. Taking the convection heat transfer coefficient on both sides of the plate to be $860 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^2 \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, determine the temperature of the sheet metal when it leaves the oil bath. Also, determine the required rate of heat removal from the oil to keep its temperature constant at $45^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$.

Naman Kumar
Naman Kumar
Numerade Educator
01:27

Problem 96

In Betty Crocker's Cookbook, it is stated that it takes 5 h to roast a $14-\mathrm{lb}$ stuffed turkey initially at $40^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$ in an oven maintained at $325^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$. It is recommended that a meat thermometer be used to monitor the cooking, and the turkey is considered done when the thermometer inserted deep into the thickest part of the breast or thigh without touching the bone registers $185^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$. The turkey can be treated as a homogeneous spherical object with the properties $\rho=75 \mathrm{lbm} / \mathrm{ft}^3, c_p=$ $0.98 \mathrm{Btu} / \mathrm{lbm} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{F}, k=0.26 \mathrm{Btu} / \mathrm{h} \cdot \mathrm{ft} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$, and $\alpha=0.0035$ $\mathrm{ft}^2 / \mathrm{h}$. Assuming the tip of the thermometer is at one-third radial distance from the center of the turkey, determine (a) the average heat transfer coefficient at the surface of the turkey; (b) the temperature of the skin of the turkey when it is done; and (c) the total amount of heat transferred to the turkey in the oven. Will the reading of the thermometer be more or less than $185^{\circ} \mathrm{F} 5 \mathrm{~min}$ after the turkey is taken out of the oven?

Carson Merrill
Carson Merrill
Numerade Educator

Problem 97

During a fire, the trunks of some dry oak trees $\left(k=0.17 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right.$ and $\alpha=1.28 \times 10^{-7}$ $\mathrm{m}^2 / \mathrm{s}$ ) that are initially at a uniform temperature of $30^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ are exposed to hot gases at $520^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ for a period of 5 h , with a heat transfer coefficient of $65 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^2,{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ on the surface. The ignition temperature of the trees is $410^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Treating the trunks of the trees as long cylindrical rods of diameter 20 cm , determine if these dry trees will ignite as the fire sweeps through them.

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06:01

Problem 98

We often cut a watermelon in half and put it into the freezer to cool it quickly. But usually we forget to check on it and end up having a watermelon with a frozen layer on the top. To avoid this potential problem a person wants to set the timer such that it will go off when the temperature of the exposed surface of the watermelon drops to $3^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$.

Consider a $25-\mathrm{cm}$-diameter spherical watermelon that is cut into two equal parts and put into a freezer at $-12^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Initially, the entire watermelon is at a uniform temperature of $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, and the heat transfer coefficient on the surfaces is 22 $\mathrm{W} / \mathrm{m}^2 \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Assuming the watermelon to have the properties of water, determine how long it will take for the center of the exposed cut surfaces of the watermelon to drop to $3^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$.

Yaqub Khan
Yaqub Khan
Numerade Educator
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Problem 99

The thermal conductivity of a solid whose density and specific heat are known can be determined from the relation $k=\alpha / \rho c_p$ after evaluating the thermal diffusivity $\alpha$.

Consider a 2 -cm-diameter cylindrical rod made of a sample material whose density and specific heat are $3700 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^3$ and $920 \mathrm{~J} / \mathrm{kg} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, respectively. The sample is initially at a uniform temperature of $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. In order to measure the temperatures of the sample at its surface and its center, a thermocouple is inserted to the center of the sample along the centerline, and another thermocouple is welded into a small hole drilled on the surface. The sample is dropped into boiling water at $100^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. After 3 min , the surface and the center temperatures are recorded to be $93^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $75^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, respectively. Determine the thermal diffusivity and the thermal conductivity of the material.

Susan Hallstrom
Susan Hallstrom
Numerade Educator
27:18

Problem 100

In desert climates, rainfall is not a common occurrence since the rain droplets formed in the upper layer of the atmosphere often evaporate before they reach the ground. Consider a raindrop that is initially at a temperature of $5^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and has a diameter of 5 mm . Determine how long it will take for the diameter of the raindrop to reduce to 3 mm as it falls through ambient air at $18^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ with a heat transfer coefficient of $400 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^2$. ${ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. The water temperature can be assumed to remain constant and uniform at $5^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ at all times.

Chareen Guzman
Chareen Guzman
Numerade Educator

Problem 101

Consider a plate of thickness 1 in , a long cylinder of diameter 1 in , and a sphere of diameter 1 in , all initially at $400^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$ and all made of bronze $\left(k=15.0 \mathrm{Btu} / \mathrm{h} \cdot \mathrm{ft} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{F}\right.$ and $\alpha=0.333 \mathrm{ft}^2 / \mathrm{h}$ ). Now all three of these geometries are exposed to cool air at $75^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$ on all of their surfaces, with a heat transfer coefficient of $7 \mathrm{Btu} / \mathrm{h} \cdot \mathrm{ft}^2 \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$. Determine the center temperature of each geometry after 5, 10, and 30 min . Explain why the center temperature of the sphere is always the lowest.

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03:42

Problem 102

Repeat Prob. 11-101E for cast iron geometries $\left(k=29 \mathrm{Btu} / \mathrm{h} \cdot \mathrm{ft} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{F}\right.$ and $\left.\alpha=0.61 \mathrm{ft}^2 / \mathrm{h}\right)$.

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
Numerade Educator

Problem 103

Reconsider Prob. 11-101E. Using EES (or other) software, plot the center temperature of each geometry as a function of the cooling time as the time varies from 5 min to 60 min , and discuss the results.

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Problem 104

Engine valves ( $k=48 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, c_p=440 \mathrm{~J} / \mathrm{kg} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, and $\rho=7840 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^3$ ) are heated to $800^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ in the heat treatment section of a valve manufacturing facility. The valves are then quenched in a large oil bath at an average temperature of $50^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. The heat transfer coefficient in the oil bath is $800 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^2$. ${ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. The valves have a cylindrical stem with a diameter of 8 mm and a length of 10 cm . The valve head and the stem may be assumed to be of equal surface area, and the volume of the valve head can be taken to be 80 percent of the volume of steam. Determine how long it will take for the valve temperature to drop to (a) $400^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, (b) $200^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, and (c) $51^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, and (d) the maximum heat transfer from a single valve.

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Problem 105

A watermelon initially at $35^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ is to be cooled by dropping it into a lake at $15^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. After 4 h and 40 min of cooling, the center temperature of watermelon is measured to be $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Treating the watermelon as a $20-\mathrm{cm}$-diameter sphere and using the properties $k=0.618 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, \alpha=0.15 \times$ $10^{-6} \mathrm{~m}^2 / \mathrm{s}, \rho=995 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^3$, and $c_p=4.18 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{kg} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, determine the average heat transfer coefficient and the surface temperature of watermelon at the end of the cooling period.

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Problem 106

10 -cm-thick large food slabs tightly wrapped by thin paper are to be cooled in a refrigeration room maintained at $0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. The heat transfer coefficient on the box surfaces is $25 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^2 \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and the boxes are to be kept in the refrigeration room for a period of 6 h . If the initial temperature of the boxes is $30^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ determine the center temperature of the boxes if the boxes contain (a) margarine ( $k=0.233 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $\left.\alpha=0.11 \times 10^{-6} \mathrm{~m}^2 / \mathrm{s}\right),(b)$ white cake $\left(k=0.082 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right.$ and $\alpha=0.10 \times 10^{-6} \mathrm{~m}^2 / \mathrm{s}$ ), and (c) chocolate cake ( $k=$ $0.106 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $\left.\alpha=0.12 \times 10^{-6} \mathrm{~m}^2 / \mathrm{s}\right)$.

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Problem 107

A 30-cm-diameter, 4-m-high cylindrical column of a house made of concrete ( $k=0.79 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, \alpha=5.94 \times$ $10^{-7} \mathrm{~m}^2 / \mathrm{s}, \rho=1600 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^3$, and $c_p=0.84 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{kg} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ ) cooled to $14^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ during a cold night is heated again during the day by being exposed to ambient air at an average temperature of $28^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ with an average heat transfer coefficient of $14 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^2 \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Determine (a) how long it will take for the column surface temperature to rise to $27^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, (b) the amount of heat transfer until the center temperature reaches to $28^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, and (c) the amount of heat transfer until the surface temperature reaches to $27^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$.

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03:30

Problem 108

Long aluminum wires of diameter $3 \mathrm{~mm}(\rho=$ $2702 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^3, c_p=0.896 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{kg} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, k=236 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, and $\alpha=9.75 \times 10^{-5} \mathrm{~m}^2 / \mathrm{s}$ ) are extruded at a temperature of $350^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and exposed to atmospheric air at $30^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ with a heat transfer coefficient of $35 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^2$. ${ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. (a) Determine how long it will take for the wire temperature to drop to $50^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. (b) If the wire is extruded at a velocity of $10 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{min}$, determine how far the wire travels after extrusion by the time its temperature drops to $50^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. What change in the cooling process would you propose to shorten this distance? (c) Assuming the aluminum wire leaves the extrusion room at $50^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, determine the rate of heat transfer from the wire to the extrusion room.

Hariprasad Annamalai
Hariprasad Annamalai
Numerade Educator
01:20

Problem 109

Repeat Prob. 11-108 for a copper wire ( $\rho=$ $8950 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^3, c_p=0.383 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{kg} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, k=386 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, and $\alpha=1.13 \times 10^{-4} \mathrm{~m}^2 / \mathrm{s}$ ).

Naman Kumar
Naman Kumar
Numerade Educator
02:54

Problem 110

Consider a brick house ( $k=0.72 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $\alpha=0.45 \times 10^{-6} \mathrm{~m}^2 / \mathrm{s}$ ) whose walls are 10 m long, 3 m high, and 0.3 m thick. The heater of the house broke down one night, and the entire house, including its walls, was observed to be $5^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ throughout in the morning. The outdoors warmed up as the day progressed, but no change was felt in the house, which was tightly sealed. Assuming the outer surface temperature of the house to remain constant at $15^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, determine how long it would take for the temperature of the inner surfaces of the walls to rise to $5.1^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$.

Christina Krawiec
Christina Krawiec
Numerade Educator

Problem 111

A 40-cm-thick brick wall $\left(k=0.72 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right.$, and $\alpha=1.6 \times 10^{-7} \mathrm{~m}^2 / \mathrm{s}$ ) is heated to an average temperature of $18^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ by the heating system and the solar radiation incident on it during the day. During the night, the outer surface of the wall is exposed to cold air at $-3^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ with an average heat transfer coefficient of $20 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^2 \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, determine the wall temperatures at distances 15,30 , and 40 cm from the outer surface for a period of 2 h .

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Problem 112

Consider the engine block of a car made of cast iron ( $k=52 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $\left.\alpha=1.7 \times 10^{-5} \mathrm{~m}^2 / \mathrm{s}\right)$. The engine can be considered to be a rectangular block whose sides are $80 \mathrm{~cm}, 40 \mathrm{~cm}$, and 40 cm . The engine is at a temperature of $150^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ when it is turned off. The engine is then exposed to atmospheric air at $17^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ with a heat transfer coefficient of $6 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^2$. ${ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Determine $(a)$ the center temperature of the top surface whose sides are 80 cm and 40 cm and (b) the corner temperature after 45 min of cooling.

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04:32

Problem 113

A man is found dead in a room at $16^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. The surface temperature on his waist is measured to be $23^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and the heat transfer coefficient is estimated to be $9 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^2 \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Modeling the body as $28-\mathrm{cm}$ diameter, $1.80-\mathrm{m}$-long cylinder, estimate how long it has been since he died. Take the properties of the body to be $k=0.62 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $\alpha=0.15 \times 10^{-6} \mathrm{~m}^2 / \mathrm{s}$, and assume the initial temperature of the body to be $36^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$.

Linda Hand
Linda Hand
Numerade Educator

Problem 114

An exothermic process occurs uniformly throughout a 10 -cm-diameter sphere $(k=300 \quad \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m} \cdot \mathrm{K}$, $c_p=400 \mathrm{~J} / \mathrm{kg} \cdot \mathrm{K}, \rho=7500 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^3$ ), and it generates heat at a constant rate of $1.2 \mathrm{MW} / \mathrm{m}^3$. The sphere initially is at a uniform temperature of $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, and the exothermic process is commenced at time $t=0$. To keep the sphere temperature under control, it is submerged in a liquid bath maintained at $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. The heat transfer coefficient at the sphere surface is $250 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^2$. K.

Due to the high thermal conductivity of sphere, the conductive resistance within the sphere can be neglected in comparison to the convective resistance at its surface. Accordingly, this unsteady state heat transfer situation could be analyzed as a lumped system.
(a) Show that the variation of sphere temperature $T$ with time $t$ can be expressed as $d T / d t=0.5-0.005 T$.
(b) Predict the steady-state temperature of the sphere.
(c) Calculate the time needed for the sphere temperature to reach the average of its initial and final (steady) temperatures.

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01:35

Problem 115

Large steel plates $1.0-\mathrm{cm}$ in thickness are quenched from $600^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ to $100^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ by submerging them in an oil reservoir held at $30^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. The average heat transfer coefficient for both faces of steel plates is $400 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^2 \cdot \mathrm{~K}$. Average steel properties are $k=45 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m} \cdot \mathrm{K}, \rho=7800 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^3$, and $c_p=470 \mathrm{~J} / \mathrm{kg} \cdot \mathrm{K}$. Calculate the quench time for steel plates.

Naman Kumar
Naman Kumar
Numerade Educator
03:30

Problem 116

Aluminium wires, 3 mm in diameter, are produced by extrusion. The wires leave the extruder at an average temperature of $350^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and at a linear rate of $10 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{min}$. Before leaving the extrusion room, the wires are cooled to an average temperature of $50^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ by transferring heat to the surrounding air at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ with a heat transfer coefficient of $50 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^2 \cdot \mathrm{~K}$. Calculate the necessary length of the wire cooling section in the extrusion room.

Hariprasad Annamalai
Hariprasad Annamalai
Numerade Educator

Problem 117

Conduct the following experiment at home to determine the combined convection and radiation heat transfer coefficient at the surface of an apple exposed to the room air. You will need two thermometers and a clock.

First, weigh the apple and measure its diameter. You can measure its volume by placing it in a large measuring cup halfway filled with water, and measuring the change in volume when it is completely immersed in the water. Refrigerate the apple overnight so that it is at a uniform temperature in the moming and measure the air temperature in the kitchen. Then take the apple out and stick one of the thermometers to its middle and the other just under the skin. Record both temperatures every 5 min for an hour. Using these two temperatures, calculate the heat transfer coefficient for each interval and take their average. The result is the combined convection and radiation heat transfer coefficient for this heat transfer process. Using your experimental data, also calculate the thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of the apple and compare them to the values given above.

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01:26

Problem 118

Repeat Prob. 11-117 using a banana instead of an apple. The thermal properties of bananas are practically the same as those of apples.

Kratika Bhadauria
Kratika Bhadauria
Numerade Educator
06:25

Problem 119

Conduct the following experiment to determine the time constant for a can of soda and then predict the tempera-
ture of the soda at different times. Leave the soda in the refrigerator overnight. Measure the air temperature in the kitchen and the temperature of the soda while it is still in the refrigerator by taping the sensor of the thermometer to the outer surface of the can. Then take the soda out and measure its temperature again in 5 min . Using these values, calculate the exponent $b$. Using this $b$-value, predict the temperatures of the soda in $10,15,20,30$, and 60 min and compare the results with the actual temperature measurements. Do you think the lumped system analysis is valid in this case?

Olivier Anderson
Olivier Anderson
Numerade Educator
02:27

Problem 120

Citrus trees are very susceptible to cold weather, and extended exposure to subfreezing temperatures can destroy the crop. In order to protect the trees from occasional cold fronts with subfreezing temperatures, tree growers in Florida usually install water sprinklers on the trees. When the temperature drops below a certain level, the sprinklers spray water on the trees and their fruits to protect them against the damage the subfreezing temperatures can cause. Explain the basic mechanism behind this protection measure and write an essay on how the system works in practice.

Kyle Gassaway
Kyle Gassaway
Numerade Educator