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University Physics with Modern Physics

Roger A. Freedman, Hugh D. Young

Chapter 28

Sources of Magnetic Field - all with Video Answers

Educators


Chapter Questions

12:16

Problem 1

A $+6.00 \mu$ C point charge is moving at a constant $8.00 \times 10^{6} \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$ in the $+y$ -direction, relative to a reference frame. At the instant when the point charge is at the origin of this reference frame, what is the magnetic-field vector $\overrightarrow{\boldsymbol{B}}$ it produces at the following points:
(a) $x=0.500 \mathrm{~m}, y=0, z=0$
(b) $x=0, y=-0.500 \mathrm{~m}, z=0$
(c) $x=0, \quad y=0, \quad z=+0.500 \mathrm{~m}$
(d) $x=0, \quad y=-0.500 \mathrm{~m}$
$z=+0.500 \mathrm{~m} ?$

Eric Gingras
Eric Gingras
Numerade Educator
03:42

Problem 2

In the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, the electron moves in a circular orbit of radius $5.3 \times 10^{-11} \mathrm{~m}$ with a speed of $2.2 \times 10^{6} \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$. If we are viewing the atom in such a way that the electron's orbit is in the plane of the paper with the electron moving clockwise, find the magnitude and direction of the electric and magnetic fields that the electron produces at the location of the nucleus (treated as a point).

Stephen Place
Stephen Place
University of California, Irvine
02:37

Problem 3

An electron moves at $0.100 c$ as shown
in Fig. E28.3. Find the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field this electron produces at the following points, each $2.00 \mu \mathrm{m}$ from the electron:
(a) points $A$ and $B ;$ (b) point $C ;$ (c) point $D$.

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
04:48

Problem 4

An alpha particle (charge $+2 e$ ) and an electron move in opposite directions from the same point, each with the speed of $2.50 \times 10^{5} \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$ (Fig. E28.4). Find the magnitude and direction of the total magnetic field these charges produce at point $P,$ which is $8.65 \mathrm{nm}$ from each charge.

Stephen Place
Stephen Place
University of California, Irvine
12:39

Problem 5

A $-4.80 \mu \mathrm{C}$ charge is moving at a constant speed of $6.80 \times 10^{5} \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$ in the $+x$ -direction relative to a reference frame. At the instant when the point charge is at the origin, what is the magneticfield vector it produces at the following points:
(a) $x=0.500 \mathrm{~m}, y=0$
$z=0 ;$ (b) $x=0, y=0.500 \mathrm{~m}, z=0 ;$ (c) $x=0.500 \mathrm{~m}, y=0.500 \mathrm{~m}$
$z=0 ;(\mathrm{d}) x=0, y=0, z=0.500 \mathrm{~m} ?$

Eric Gingras
Eric Gingras
Numerade Educator
11:00

Problem 6

Positive point charges $q=+8.00 \mu \mathrm{C}$ and $q^{\prime}=+3.00 \mu \mathrm{C}$ are
moving relative to an observer at point $P$, as shown in Fig. $\mathbf{E} 28.6$. The distance $d$ is $0.120 \mathrm{~m}, v=4.50 \times 10^{6} \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s},$ and
$v^{\prime}=9.00 \times 10^{6} \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s} .$ (a) When the two
charges are at the locations shown in the figure, what are the magnitude and direction of the net magnetic field they produce at point $P ?$
(b) What are the magnitude and direction of the electric and magnetic forces that each charge exerts on the other, and what is the ratio of the magnitude of the electric force to the magnitude of the magnetic force? (c) If the direction of $\overrightarrow{\boldsymbol{v}}^{\prime}$ is reversed, so both charges are moving in the same direction, what are the magnitude and direction of the magnetic forces that the two charges exert on each other?

Stephen Place
Stephen Place
University of California, Irvine
02:28

Problem 7

At one instant, point $P$ is $6.60 \mu \mathrm{m}$ to the left of a proton that is moving at $3.30 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{s}$ in vacuum. (a) What is the direction of the unit vector in Eq. (28.2)$?$ (b) What is the magnetic field caused by this proton if it is moving to the right or to the left? (c) What is the magnetic field (magnitude and direction) caused by this proton if it is moving toward the top of the page? (d) What is the answer to part (c) for an electron instead of a proton?

Andrew Duncan
Andrew Duncan
Numerade Educator
12:46

Problem 8

An electron and a proton are each moving at $735 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{s}$ in perpendicular paths as shown in Fig. E28.8. At the instant when they are at the positions shown, find the magnitude and direction of (a) the total magnetic field they produce at the origin; (b) the magnetic field the electron produces at the location of the proton; (c) the total electric force and the total magnetic force that the electron exerts on the proton.

Stephen Place
Stephen Place
University of California, Irvine
04:33

Problem 9

A straight wire carries a 10.0 A current (Fig. E28.9). $A B C D$ is a rectangle with point $D$ in the middle of a $1.10 \mathrm{~mm}$ segment of the wire and point $C$ in the wire. Find the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field due to this segment at
(a) point $A ;$ (b) point $B ;$ (c) point $C$.

Ajay Singhal
Ajay Singhal
Numerade Educator
03:37

Problem 10

A short current element $d \vec{l}=(0.500 \mathrm{~mm}) \hat{\jmath}$ carries a current of 5.40 A in the same direction as $d \vec{l}$. Point $P$ is located at $\vec{r}=(-0.730 \mathrm{~m}) \hat{\imath}+(0.390 \mathrm{~m}) \hat{\boldsymbol{k}}$. Use unit vectors to express the mag-
netic field at $P$ produced by this current element.

Andrew Duncan
Andrew Duncan
Numerade Educator
05:24

Problem 11

A long, straight wire lies along the $z$ -axis and carries a 4.00 A current in the $+z$ -direction. Find the magnetic field (magnitude and direction) produced at the following points by a $0.500 \mathrm{~mm}$ segment of the wire centered at the origin:
(a) $x=2.00 \mathrm{~m}, y=0, z=0$
(b) $x=0, y=2.00 \mathrm{~m}, z=0$
(c) $x=2.00 \mathrm{~m}, y=2.00 \mathrm{~m}, z=0$
(d) $x=0, y=0, z=2.00 \mathrm{~m}$

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
05:06

Problem 12

Two parallel wires are $5.00 \mathrm{~cm}$ apart and carry currents in opposite directions, as shown in Fig. E28.12. Find the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field at point $P$ due to two $1.50 \mathrm{~mm}$ segments of wire that are opposite each other and each $8.00 \mathrm{~cm}$ from $P$.

Carolyn Shasha
Carolyn Shasha
Numerade Educator
01:37

Problem 13

A wire carrying a 28.0 A current bends through a right angle. Consider two $2.00 \mathrm{~mm}$ segments of wire, each $3.00 \mathrm{~cm}$ from the bend (Fig. E28.13). Find the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field these two segments produce at point $P$, which is midway between them.

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
05:06

Problem 14

A long, straight wire lies along the $x$ -axis and carries current $I=60.0 \mathrm{~A}$ in the $+x$ -direction. A small particle with mass $3.00 \times 10^{-6} \mathrm{~kg}$ and charge $8.00 \times 10^{-3} \mathrm{C}$ is traveling in the vicinity of the wire. At an instant when the particle is on the $y$ -axis at $y=8.00 \mathrm{~cm},$ its acceleration has components $a_{x}=-5.00 \times 10^{3} \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$
and $a_{y}=+9.00 \times 10^{3} \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2} .$ At that instant what are the $x$ - and $y$ -components of the velocity of the particle?

Andrew Duncan
Andrew Duncan
Numerade Educator
01:10

Problem 15

The Magnetic Field from a Lightning Bolt. Lightning bolts can carry currents up to approximately 20 kA. We can model such a current as the equivalent of a very long, straight wire. (a) If you were unfortunate enough to be $5.0 \mathrm{~m}$ away from such a lightning bolt, how large a magnetic field would you experience? (b) How does this field compare to one you would experience by being $5.0 \mathrm{~cm}$ from a long, straight household current of $10 \mathrm{~A}$ ?

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
02:21

Problem 16

A very long, straight horizontal wire carries a current such that $8.20 \times 10^{18}$ electrons per second pass any given point going from west to east. What are the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field this wire produces at a point $4.00 \mathrm{~cm}$ directly above it?

Carolyn Shasha
Carolyn Shasha
Numerade Educator
01:01

Problem 17

The body contains many small currents caused by the motion of ions in the organs and cells. Measurements of the magnetic field around the chest due to currents in the heart give values of about $10 \mu \mathrm{G}$. Although the actual currents are rather complicated, we can gain a rough understanding of their magnitude if we model them as a long, straight wire. If the surface of the chest is $5.0 \mathrm{~cm}$ from this current, how large is the current in the heart?

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
06:16

Problem 18

Two long, straight wires, one above the other, are separated by a distance $2 a$ and are parallel to the $x$ -axis. Let the $+y$ -axis be in the plane of the wires in the direction from the lower wire to the upper wire. Each wire carries current $I$ in the $+x$ -direction. What are the magnitude and direction of the net magnetic field of the two wires at a point in the plane of the wires (a) midway between them; (b) at a distance $a$ above the upper wire; (c) at a distance $a$ below the lower wire?

Carolyn Shasha
Carolyn Shasha
Numerade Educator
09:15

Problem 19

A long, straight wire lies along the $y$ -axis and carries a current $I=8.00 \mathrm{~A}$ in the $-y$ -direction (Fig. E28.19). In addition to the magnetic field due to the current in the wire, a uniform magnetic field $\overrightarrow{\boldsymbol{B}}_{0}$ with magnitude $1.50 \times 10^{-6} \mathrm{~T}$ is in the $+x$ -direction. What is the total field (magnitude and direction) at the following points in the $x z$ -plane:
(a) $x=0, z=1.00 \mathrm{~m} ;$ (b) $x=1.00 \mathrm{~m}$
$z=0 ;(\mathrm{c}) x=0, z=-0.25 \mathrm{~m} ?$

Vishal Gupta
Vishal Gupta
Numerade Educator
08:29

Problem 20

Currents in dc transmission lines can be 100 A or higher. Some people are concerned that the electromagnetic fields from such lines near their homes could pose health dangers. For a line that has current $150 \mathrm{~A}$ and a height of $8.0 \mathrm{~m}$ above the ground, what magnetic field does the line produce at ground level? Express your answer in teslas and as a percentage of the earth's magnetic field, which is $0.50 \mathrm{G}$. Is this value cause for worry?

Shubham Verma
Shubham Verma
Texas A&M University
10:30

Problem 21

Two long, straight, parallel wires, $10.0 \mathrm{~cm}$ apart, carry equal 4.00 A currents in the same direction, as shown in Fig. E28.21. Find the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field at (a) point $P_{1},$ midway between the wires; (b) point $P_{2}, 25.0 \mathrm{~cm}$ to the right of $P_{1} ;$ (c) point $P_{3}, 20.0 \mathrm{~cm}$ directly above $P_{1}$.

Andrew Duncan
Andrew Duncan
Numerade Educator
07:54

Problem 22

A rectangular loop with dimensions $4.20 \mathrm{~cm}$ by $9.50 \mathrm{~cm}$ carries current $1 .$ The current in the loop produces a magnetic field at the center of the loop that has magnitude $5.50 \times 10^{-5} \mathrm{~T}$ and direction away from you as you view the plane of the loop. What are the magnitude and direction (clockwise or counterclockwise) of the current in the loop?

Zulfiqar Ali
Zulfiqar Ali
Numerade Educator
04:33

Problem 23

Four long, parallel power lines each carry 100 A currents. A cross-sectional diagram of these lines is a square, $20.0 \mathrm{~cm}$ on each side. For each of the three cases shown in Fig. $\mathbf{E} 28.23$, calculate the magnetic field at the center of the square.

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator
05:50

Problem 24

Four very long, currentcarrying wires in the same plane intersect to form a square $40.0 \mathrm{~cm}$ on each side, as shown in Fig. E28.24. Find the magnitude and direction of the current $I$ so that the magnetic field at the center of the square is zero.

Carolyn Shasha
Carolyn Shasha
Numerade Educator
09:52

Problem 25

Two very long insulated wires perpendicular to each other in the same plane carry currents as shown in Fig. E28.25. Find the magnitude of the net magnetic field these wires produce at points $P$ and $Q$ if the 10.0 A current is (a) to the right or (b) to the left.

Vishal Gupta
Vishal Gupta
Numerade Educator
04:49

Problem 26

A wire of length $20.0 \mathrm{~cm}$ lies along the $x$ -axis with the center of the wire at the origin. The wire carries current $I=8.00 \mathrm{~A}$ in the $-x$ -direction. (a) What is the magnitude $B$ of the magnetic field of the wire at the point $y=5.00 \mathrm{~cm}$ on the $y$ -axis? (b) What is the percent difference between the answer in (a) and the value you obtain if you assume the wire is infinitely long and use Eq. ( 28.9 ) to calculate $B$ ?

Vishal Gupta
Vishal Gupta
Numerade Educator
03:53

Problem 27

A long, horizontal wire $A B$ rests on the surface of a table and carries a current $I .$ Horizontal wire $C D$ is vertically above wire $A B$ and is free to slide up and down on the two vertical metal guides $C$ and $D$ (Fig. E28.27). Wire $C D$ is connected through the sliding contacts to another wire that also carries a current $I$, opposite in direction to the current in wire $A B$. The mass per unit length of the wire $C D$ is $\lambda$. To what equilibrium height $h$ will the wire $C D$ rise, assuming that the magnetic force on it is due entirely to the current in the wire $A B ?$

Vidhi Bhatt
Vidhi Bhatt
Numerade Educator
06:18

Problem 28

Three very long parallel wires each carry current $I$ in the directions shown in Fig. $\mathbf{E} 28.28$. If the separation between adjacent wires is $d$, calculate the magnitude and direction of the net magnetic force per unit length on each wire.

Carolyn Shasha
Carolyn Shasha
Numerade Educator
04:01

Problem 29

Two long, parallel wires are separated by a distance of $0.400 \mathrm{~m}$ (Fig. E28.29). The currents $I_{1}$ and $I_{2}$ have the directions shown.
(a) Calculate the magnitude of the force exerted by each wire on a $1.20 \mathrm{~m}$ length of the other. Is the force attractive or repulsive?
(b) Each
current is doubled, so that $I_{1}$ becomes $10.0 \mathrm{~A}$ and $I_{2}$ becomes $4.00 \mathrm{~A}$. Now what is the magnitude of the force that each wire exerts on a $1.20 \mathrm{~m}$ length of the other?

Vishal Gupta
Vishal Gupta
Numerade Educator
02:54

Problem 30

Two long, parallel wire are separated by a distance of $2.50 \mathrm{~cm} .$ The force per unit length that each wire exerts on the other is $4.00 \times 10^{-5} \mathrm{~N} / \mathrm{m},$ and the wires repel each other. The current in one wire is 0.600 A. (a) What is the current in the second wire?
(b) Are the two currents in the same direction or in opposite directions?

Carolyn Shasha
Carolyn Shasha
Numerade Educator
01:08

Problem 31

The magnetic field around the head has been measured to be approximately $3.0 \times 10^{-8} \mathrm{G}$. Although the currents that cause this field are quite complicated, we can get a rough estimate of their size by modeling them as a single circular current loop $16 \mathrm{~cm}$ (the width of a typical head) in diameter. What is the current needed to produce such a field at the center of the loop?

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
07:11

Problem 32

Calculate the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field at point $P$ due to the current in the semicircular section of wire shown in Fig. E28.32. (Hint: Does the current in the long, straight section of the wire produce any field at $P ?$ )

Carolyn Shasha
Carolyn Shasha
Numerade Educator
02:42

Problem 33

Calculate the magnitude of the magnetic field at point $P$ of Fig. $\mathrm{E} 28.33$ in terms of $R, I_{1},$ and $I_{2}$. What does your expression give when $I_{1}=I_{2} ?$

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
08:30

Problem 34

A closely wound, circular coil with radius $2.40 \mathrm{~cm}$ has 800 turns. (a) What must the current in the coil be if the magnetic field at the center of the coil is $0.0770 \mathrm{~T}$ ? (b) At what distance $x$ from the center of the coil, on the axis of the coil, is the magnetic field half its value at the center?

Carolyn Shasha
Carolyn Shasha
Numerade Educator
02:08

Problem 35

Two concentric circular loops of wire lie on a tabletop, one inside the other. The inner wire has a diameter of $20.0 \mathrm{~cm}$ and carries a clockwise current of $12.0 \mathrm{~A}$, as viewed from above, and the outer wire has a diameter of $30.0 \mathrm{~cm} .$ What must be the magnitude and direction (as viewed from above) of the current in the outer wire so that the net magnetic field due to this combination of wires is zero at the common center of the wires?

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
02:41

Problem 36

A closely wound coil has a radius of $6.00 \mathrm{~cm}$ and carries a current of 2.50 A. How many turns must it have if, at a point on the coil axis $6.00 \mathrm{~cm}$ from the center of the coil, the magnetic field is $6.39 \times 10^{-4} \mathrm{~T} ?$

Carolyn Shasha
Carolyn Shasha
Numerade Educator
03:27

Problem 37

A closed curve encircles several conductors. The line integral $\oint \overrightarrow{\boldsymbol{B}} \cdot d \overrightarrow{\boldsymbol{\imath}}$ around this curve is $3.83 \times 10^{-4} \mathrm{~T} \cdot \mathrm{m} .$ (a) What is the net cur-
rent in the conductors? (b) If you were to integrate around the curve in the opposite direction, what would be the value of the line integral? Explain.

Vishal Gupta
Vishal Gupta
Numerade Educator
07:38

Problem 38

Figure E28.38 shows, in cross section, several conductors that carry currents through the plane of the figure. The currents have the magnitudes $I_{1}=4.0 \mathrm{~A}, \quad I_{2}=6.0 \mathrm{~A},$
and $I_{3}=2.0 \mathrm{~A},$ and the directions shown. Four paths, labeled $a$ through $d$, are shown. What is the line integral $\oint \overrightarrow{\boldsymbol{B}} \cdot d \overrightarrow{\boldsymbol{l}}$ for each path? Each integral
involves going around the path in the counterclockwise direction. Explain
your answers.

Vishal Gupta
Vishal Gupta
Numerade Educator
02:26

Problem 39

A solid conductor with radius $a$ is supported by insulating disks on the axis of a conducting tube with inner radius $b$ and outer radius $c$ (Fig. E28.39). The central conductor and tube carry equal currents $I$ in opposite directions. The currents are distributed
uniformly over the cross sections of each conductor. Derive an expression for the magnitude of the magnetic field (a) at points outside the central, solid conductor but inside the tube $(a<r<b)$ and $(b)$ at points outside the tube $(r>c)$

Andrew Duncan
Andrew Duncan
Numerade Educator
02:18

Problem 40

As a new electrical technician, you are designing a large solenoid to produce a uniform 0.150 T magnetic field near the center of the solenoid. You have enough wire for 4000 circular turns. This solenoid must be $55.0 \mathrm{~cm}$ long and $2.80 \mathrm{~cm}$ in diameter. What current will you need to produce the necessary field?

Carolyn Shasha
Carolyn Shasha
Numerade Educator
04:11

Problem 41

Repeat Exercise 28.39 for the case in which the current in the central, solid conductor is $I_{1}$, the current in the tube is $I_{2}$, and these currents are in the same direction rather than in opposite directions.

Carolyn Shasha
Carolyn Shasha
Numerade Educator
01:50

Problem 42

A $15.0-\mathrm{cm}$ -long solenoid with radius $0.750 \mathrm{~cm}$ is closely wound with 600 turns of wire. The current in the windings is 8.00 A. Compute the magnetic field at a point near the center of the solenoid.

Carolyn Shasha
Carolyn Shasha
Numerade Educator
01:34

Problem 43

A solenoid is designed to produce a magnetic field of $0.0270 \mathrm{~T}$ at its center. It has radius $1.40 \mathrm{~cm}$ and length $40.0 \mathrm{~cm},$ and the wire can carry a maximum current of 12.0 A. (a) What minimum number of turns per unit length must the solenoid have? (b) What total length of wire is required?

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
02:46

Problem 44

An ideal toroidal solenoid (see Example 28.10 ) has inner radius $r_{1}=15.0 \mathrm{~cm}$ and outer radius $r_{2}=18.0 \mathrm{~cm} .$ The solenoid has 250 turns and carries a current of 8.50 A. What is the magnitude of the magnetic field at the following distances from the center of the torus:
(a) $12.0 \mathrm{~cm} ;$ (b) $16.0 \mathrm{~cm} ;$ (c) $20.0 \mathrm{~cm} ?$

Carolyn Shasha
Carolyn Shasha
Numerade Educator
04:51

Problem 45

A magnetic field of $37.2 \mathrm{~T}$ has been achieved at the MIT Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory. Find the current needed to achieve such a field (a) $2.00 \mathrm{~cm}$ from a long, straight wire; (b) at the center of a circular coil of radius $42.0 \mathrm{~cm}$ that has 100 turns; (c) near the center of a solenoid with radius $2.40 \mathrm{~cm},$ length $32.0 \mathrm{~cm},$ and 40,000 turns.

Vishal Gupta
Vishal Gupta
Numerade Educator
05:06

Problem 46

A toroidal solenoid with 400 turns of wire and a mean radius of $6.0 \mathrm{~cm}$ carries a current of 0.25 A. The relative permeability of the core is $80 .$ (a) What is the magnetic field in the core? (b) What part of the magnetic field is due to the magnetic moments of the atoms in the core?

Vishal Gupta
Vishal Gupta
Numerade Educator
03:56

Problem 47

A long solenoid with 60 turns of wire per centimeter carries a current of 0.15 A. The wire that makes up the solenoid is wrapped around a solid core of silicon steel $\left(K_{\mathrm{m}}=5200\right) .$ (The wire of the solenoid is jacketed with an insulator so that none of the current flows into the core.) (a) For a point inside the core, find the magnitudes of (i) the magnetic field $\overrightarrow{\boldsymbol{B}}_{0}$ due to the solenoid current; (ii) the magnetization $\overrightarrow{\boldsymbol{M}}$
(iii) the total magnetic field $\overrightarrow{\boldsymbol{B}}$. (b) In a sketch of the solenoid and core, show the directions of the vectors $\overrightarrow{\boldsymbol{B}}, \overrightarrow{\boldsymbol{B}}_{0},$ and $\overrightarrow{\boldsymbol{M}}$ inside the core.

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
02:30

Problem 48

The current in the windings of a toroidal solenoid is $2.400 \mathrm{~A}$. There are 500 turns, and the mean radius is $25.00 \mathrm{~cm} .$ The toroidal solenoid is filled with a magnetic material. The magnetic field inside the windings is found to be 1.940 T. Calculate (a) the relative permeability and (b) the magnetic susceptibility of the material that fills the toroid.

Carolyn Shasha
Carolyn Shasha
Numerade Educator
06:59

Problem 49

A pair of point charges, $q=+8.00 \mu \mathrm{C}$ and $q^{\prime}=-5.00 \mu \mathrm{C}$
are moving as shown in Fig. $\mathbf{P 2 8 . 4 9}$ with speeds $\quad v=9.00 \times 10^{4} \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$
and $v^{\prime}=6.50 \times 10^{4} \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s} .$ When the
charges are at the locations shown in the figure, what are the magnitude and direction of (a) the magnetic field produced at the origin and (b) the magnetic force that $q^{\prime}$ exerts on $q ?$

Andrew Duncan
Andrew Duncan
Numerade Educator
06:41

Problem 50

At a particular instant, charge $q_{1}=+4.80 \times 10^{-6} \mathrm{C}$ is at the point $(0,0.250 \mathrm{~m}, 0)$ and has velocity $\overrightarrow{\boldsymbol{v}}_{1}=\left(9.20 \times 10^{5} \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\right) \hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} .$ Charge
$q_{2}=-2.90 \times 10^{-6} \mathrm{C}$ is at the point $(0.150 \mathrm{~m}, 0,0)$ and has velocity $\overrightarrow{\boldsymbol{v}}_{2}=\left(-5.30 \times 10^{5} \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\right) \hat{\jmath} .$ At this instant, what are the magnitude and\
direction of the magnetic force that $q_{1}$ exerts on $q_{2} ?$

Zulfiqar Ali
Zulfiqar Ali
Numerade Educator
04:24

Problem 51

A long, straight wire lies along the $x$ -axis and carries current $I_{1}=2.00 \mathrm{~A}$ in the $+x$ -direction. A second wire lies in the $x y$ -plane and is parallel to the $x$ -axis at $y=+0.800 \mathrm{~m}$. It carries current $I_{2}=6.00 \mathrm{~A}$, also in the $+x$ -direction. In addition to $y \rightarrow \pm \infty,$ at what point on the $y$ -axis is the resultant magnetic field of the two wires equal to zero?

Vishal Gupta
Vishal Gupta
Numerade Educator
05:57

Problem 52

Repeat Problem 28.51 for $I_{2}$ in the $-x$ -direction, with all the other quantities the same.

Vishal Gupta
Vishal Gupta
Numerade Educator
View

Problem 53

We can estimate the strength of the magnetic field of a refrigerator magnet in the following way: Imagine the magnet as a collection of current-loop magnetic dipoles. (a) Derive the force between two current loops with radius $R$ and current $I$ separated by distance $d \ll R$. Very close to the wire its magnetic field is about the same as for an infinitely long wire, and Eq.( 28.11 ) can be used. (b) Using Eq. ( 28.17 ), express the current $I$ in terms of the magnetic field at the middle of the loop, and express the radius $R$ in terms of the area of the loop. In this way, derive an expression for the force $F$ between two identical current loops separated by a small distance $d$ in terms of their mutual area $A$ and center magnetic field $B$. (c) Rearrange your result to obtain an expression for the magnetic field of a dipole with area $A$ in terms of the force $F$ from an identical dipole separated by a small distance $d$. (d) Now notice that the force it takes to separate one magnet from your refrigerator is nearly the same as the force it takes to separate two magnets stuck together. Estimate that force $F$. (e) Estimate the area of a refrigerator magnet.
(f) Assume that when these magnets are stuck together or to the refrigerator, they are separated by an effective distance $d=25 \mu \mathrm{m}$. Use the formula derived above to estimate the magnetic field strength of the magnet.

Lainey Roebuck
Lainey Roebuck
Numerade Educator
04:52

Problem 54

A long, straight wire carries a current of 8.60 A. An electron is traveling in the vicinity of the wire. At the instant when the electron is $4.50 \mathrm{~cm}$ from the wire and traveling at a speed of $6.00 \times 10^{4} \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$ directly toward the wire, what are the magnitude and direction (relative to the direction of the current) of the force that the magnetic field of the current exerts on the electron?

Vishal Gupta
Vishal Gupta
Numerade Educator
06:45

Problem 55

A long, straight wire carries a 13.0 A current. An electron is fired parallel to this wire with a velocity of $250 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{s}$ in the same direction as the current, $2.00 \mathrm{~cm}$ from the wire. (a) Find the magnitude and direction of the electron's initial acceleration. (b) What should be the magnitude and direction of a uniform electric field that will allow the electron to continue to travel parallel to the wire? (c) Is it necessary to include the effects of gravity? Justify your answer.

Zulfiqar Ali
Zulfiqar Ali
Numerade Educator
08:18

Problem 56

An electron is moving in the vicinity of a long, straight wire that lies along the $x$ -axis. The wire has a constant current of 9.00 A in the $-x$ -direction. At an instant when the electron is at point $(0,0.200 \mathrm{~m}, 0)$ and the electron's velocity is $\overrightarrow{\boldsymbol{v}}=\left(5.00 \times 10^{4} \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\right) \hat{\imath}-\left(3.00 \times 10^{4} \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\right) \hat{\jmath},$ what is the force that the wire exerts on the electron? Express the force in terms of unit vectors, and calculate its magnitude.

Vishal Gupta
Vishal Gupta
Numerade Educator
05:08

Problem 57

(a) Determine the transmission power $P$ of your cell phone. (This information is available online.) (b) A typical cell phone battery supplies a $1.5 \mathrm{~V}$ potential. If your phone battery supplies the power $P,$ what is a good estimate of the current supplied by the battery?
(c) Estimate the width of your head.
(d) Estimate the diameter of the phone speaker that goes next to your ear. Model the current in the speaker as a current loop with the same diameter as the speaker. Use these values to estimate the magnetic field generated by your phone midway between the ears when it is held near one ear. (e) How does your answer compare to the earth's field, which is about $50 \mu \mathrm{T} ?$

Andrew Duncan
Andrew Duncan
Numerade Educator
05:16

Problem 58

Figure $\quad$ P28.58 shows an end view of two long, parallel wires perpendicular to the $x y$ -plane, each carrying a current $I$ but in opposite directions. (a) Copy the diagram, and draw vectors to show the $\boldsymbol{B}$ field of each wire and the net $\overrightarrow{\boldsymbol{B}}$ field at point $P$.
(b) Derive the expression for the magnitude of $\overrightarrow{\boldsymbol{B}}$ at any point on the $x$ -axis in terms of the $x$ -coordinate of the point. What is the direction of $\overrightarrow{\boldsymbol{B}} ?$
(c) Graph the magnitude of $\overrightarrow{\boldsymbol{B}}$ at points on the $x$ -axis.
(d) At what value of $x$ is the magnitude of $\overrightarrow{\boldsymbol{B}}$ a maximum?
(e) What is the magnitude of $\overrightarrow{\boldsymbol{B}}$ when $x \gg a ?$

Vidhi Bhatt
Vidhi Bhatt
Numerade Educator
09:49

Problem 59

Two long, straight, parallel wires are $1.00 \mathrm{~m}$ apart (Fig. $\mathbf{P 2 8 . 5 9}$ ). The wire on the left carries a current $I_{1}$ of $6.00 \mathrm{~A}$ into the plane of the paper. (a) What must the magnitude and direction of the current $I_{2}$ be for the net field at point $P$ to be zero? (b) Then what are the magnitude and direction of the net field at $Q ?$ (c) Then what is the magnitude of the net field at $S ?$

Vishal Gupta
Vishal Gupta
Numerade Educator
03:24

Problem 60

The long, straight wire $A B$ shown in Fig. $\mathbf{P} 28.60$ carries a current of 14.0 A. The rectangular loop whose long edges are parallel to the wire carries a current of 5.00 A. Find the magnitude and direction of the net force exerted on the loop by the magnetic field of the wire.

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator
03:44

Problem 61

Two long, parallel wires hang by $4.00-\mathrm{cm}$ -long cords from a common axis (Fig. $\mathbf{P} 28.61$ ). The wires have a mass per unit length of $0.0125 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}$ and carry the same current in opposite directions. What is the current in each wire if the cords hang at an angle of $6.00^{\circ}$ with the vertical?

Zulfiqar Ali
Zulfiqar Ali
Numerade Educator
07:32

Problem 62

The wire semicircles shown in Fig. $\mathrm{P} 28.62$ have radii $a$ and $b$. Calculate the net magnetic field (magnitude and direction) that the current in the wires produces at point $P$.

Carolyn Shasha
Carolyn Shasha
Numerade Educator
15:09

Problem 63

A long, straight solid cylinder, oriented with its axis in the $z$ -direction, carries a current whose current density is $\overrightarrow{\boldsymbol{J}} .$ The current density, although symmetric about the cylinder axis, is not constant and varies according to the relationship
$$
\begin{aligned}
\overrightarrow{\boldsymbol{J}} &=\left(\frac{b}{r}\right) e^{(r-a) / \delta} \hat{\boldsymbol{k}} & \text { for } r \leq a \\
&=\mathbf{0} & \text { for } r \geq a
\end{aligned}
$$
where the radius of the cylinder is $a=5.00 \mathrm{~cm}, r$ is the radial distance from the cylinder axis, $b$ is a constant equal to $600 \mathrm{~A} / \mathrm{m},$ and $\delta$ is a constant equal to $2.50 \mathrm{~cm} .$ (a) Let $I_{0}$ be the total current passing through the entire cross section of the wire. Obtain an expression for $I_{0}$ in terms of $b, \delta,$ and $a .$ Evaluate your expression to obtain a numerical value for $I_{0}$
(b) Using Ampere's law, derive an expression for the magnetic field $\overrightarrow{\boldsymbol{B}}$ in the region $r \geq a$. Express your answer in terms of $I_{0}$ rather than $b$.
(c) Obtain an expression for the current $I$ contained in a circular cross section of radius $r \leq a$ and centered at the cylinder axis. Express your answer in terms of $I_{0}$ rather than $b$. (d) Using Ampere's law, derive an expression for the magnetic field $\overrightarrow{\boldsymbol{B}}$ in the region $r \leq \underline{a}$. (e) Evaluate the magnitude of the magnetic field at $r=\delta, r=a,$ and $r=2 a$

Linda Winkler
Linda Winkler
Numerade Educator
07:22

Problem 64

Calculate the magnetic field (magnitude and direction) at a point $P$ due to a current $I=12.0 \mathrm{~A}$ in the wire shown in Fig. $\mathbf{P 2 8 . 6 4 .}$ Segment $B C$ is an arc of a circle with radius
$30.0 \mathrm{~cm},$ and point $P$ is at the center of curvature of the arc. Segment $D A$ is an arc of a circle with radius
$20.0 \mathrm{~cm},$ and point $P$ is at its center of curvature. Segments $C D$ and $A B$ are straight lines of length $10.0 \mathrm{~cm}$ each.

Vishal Gupta
Vishal Gupta
Numerade Educator
04:24

Problem 65

A long, straight wire with a circular cross section of radius $R$ carries a current $I$. Assume that the current density is not constant across the cross section of the wire, but rather varies as $J=\alpha r,$ where $\alpha$ is a constant. (a) $\mathrm{By}$ the requirement that $J$ integrated over the cross section of the wire gives the total current $I,$ calculate the constant $\alpha$ in terms of $I$ and $R .$ (b) Use Ampere's law to calculate the magnetic field $B(r)$ for
(i) $r \leq R$ and
(ii) $r \geq R .$ Express your answers in terms of $I$.

Zulfiqar Ali
Zulfiqar Ali
Numerade Educator
03:29

Problem 66

The wire shown in Fig. $\mathrm{P} 28.66$ is infinitely long and carries a current $I$. Calculate the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field that this current produces at point $P$.

Carolyn Shasha
Carolyn Shasha
Numerade Educator
06:40

Problem 67

A long, straight, solid cylinder, oriented with its axis in the $z$ -direction, carries a current whose current density is $\overrightarrow{\boldsymbol{J}}$. The current density, although symmetric about the cylinder axis, is not constant but varies according to the relationship
$$
\begin{array}{rlr}
\overrightarrow{\boldsymbol{J}} & =\frac{2 I_{0}}{\pi a^{2}}\left[1-\left(\frac{r}{a}\right)^{2}\right] \hat{k} & \text { for } r \leq a \\
& =\mathbf{0} \quad & \text { for } r \geq a
\end{array}
$$
where $a$ is the radius of the cylinder, $r$ is the radial distance from the cylinder axis, and $I_{0}$ is a constant having units of amperes. (a) Show that $I_{0}$ is the total current passing through the entire cross section of the wire.
(b) Using Ampere's law, derive an expression for the magnitude of the magnetic field $\vec{B}$ in the region $r \geq a$. (c) Obtain an expression for the current $I$ contained in a circular cross section of radius $r \leq a$ and centered at the cylinder axis. (d) Using Ampere's law, derive an expression for the magnitude of the magnetic field $\vec{B}$ in the region $r \leq a$. How do your results in parts (b) and (d) compare for $r=a ?$

Ajay Singhal
Ajay Singhal
Numerade Educator
04:53

Problem 68

A circular loop has radius $R$ and carries current $I_{2}$ in a clockwise direction (Fig. $\mathbf{P 2 8 . 6 8}$ ). The center of the loop is a distance $D$ above a long, straight wire. What are the magnitude and direction of the current $I_{1}$ in the wire if the magnetic field at the center of the loop is zero?

Vishal Gupta
Vishal Gupta
Numerade Educator
03:49

Problem 69

Long, straight conductors with square cross sections and each carrying current $I$ are laid side by side to form an infinite current sheet (Fig. $\mathbf{P 2 8 . 6 9}$ ). The conductors lie in the $x y$ -plane, are parallel to the $y$ -axis, and carry current in the $+y$ -direction. There are $n$ conductors per unit length measured along the $x$ -axis.
(a) What are the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field a distance $a$ below the current sheet? (b) What are the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field a distance $a$ above the current sheet?

Andrew Duncan
Andrew Duncan
Numerade Educator
03:17

Problem 70

Long, straight conductors with square cross section, each carrying current $I,$ are laid side by side to form an infinite current sheet with
current directed out of the plane of the page (Fig. $\mathbf{P 2 8 . 7 0}$ ). A second infinite current sheet is a distance $d$ below the
first and is parallel to it. The second sheet carries current into the plane of the page. Each sheet has $n$ conductors per unit length. (Refer to Problem $28.69 .$ ) Calculate the magnitude and direction of the net magnetic field at (a) point $P$ (above the upper sheet);
(b) point $R$ (midway between the two sheets); (c) point $S$ (below the lower sheet).

Andrew Duncan
Andrew Duncan
Numerade Educator
18:57

Problem 71

A cylindrical shell with radius $R_{1}$ and height $H$ has charge $Q_{1}$ and rotates around its axis with angular speed $\omega_{1},$ as shown in Fig. $\mathbf{P 2 8 . 7 1 .}$. Inside the cylinder, far from its edges, sits a very small disk with radius $R_{2},$ mass $M,$ and charge $Q_{2}$ mounted on a pivot, spinning with a large angular velocity $\vec{\omega}_{2}$ and oriented at angle $\theta$ with respect to the axis of the cylinder. The center of the disk is on the axis of the cylinder. The magnetic interaction between the cylinder and the disk causes a precession of the axis of the disk. (a) What is the magnitude of the enclosed current $I_{\text {encl }}$ surrounded by a loop that has one vertical side that is along the axis of the cylinder and extends beyond the top and bottom of the cylinder? The other vertical side of the loop is very far outside the cylinder.
(b) Assume the field is uniform within the cylinder and use Ampere's law to find the magnetic field at the center of the disk. (c) The magnetic moment of the disk has magnitude $\mu=\frac{1}{4} Q_{2} \omega_{2} R_{2}^{2} .$ What is the magnitude of the torque exerted on the disk? (d) What is the magnitude of the angular momentum of the disk?

Linda Winkler
Linda Winkler
Numerade Educator
09:44

Problem 72

As a summer intern at a research lab, you are given a long solenoid that has two separate windings that are wound close together, in the same direction, on the same hollow cylindrical form. You must determine the number of turns in each winding. The solenoid has length $L=40.0 \mathrm{~cm}$ and diameter $2.80 \mathrm{~cm} .$ You let a $2.00 \mathrm{~mA}$ current flow in winding 1 and vary the current $I$ in winding $2 ;$ both currents flow in the same direction. Then you measure the magnetic-field magnitude $B$ at the center of the solenoid as a function of $I .$ You plot your results as $B L / \mu_{0}$ versus $I .$ The graph in Fig. $\mathbf{P} 28.72$ shows the best-fit straight line to your data. (a) Explain why the data plotted in this way should fall close to a straight line. (b) Use Fig. $\mathrm{P} 28.72$ to calculate $N_{1}$ and $N_{2},$ the number of turns in windings 1 and $2 .$ (c) If the current in winding 1 remains $2.00 \mathrm{~mA}$ in its original direction and winding 2 has $I=5.00 \mathrm{~mA}$ in the opposite direction, what is $B$ at the center of the solenoid?

Linda Winkler
Linda Winkler
Numerade Educator
08:02

Problem 73

You use a teslameter (a Hall-effect device) to measure the magnitude of the magnetic field at various distances from a long, straight, thick cylindrical copper cable that is carrying a large constant current. To exclude the earth's magnetic field from the measurement, you first set the meter to zero. You then measure the magnetic field $B$ at distances $x$ from the surface of the cable and obtain these data:
$$
\begin{array}{l|lllll}
x(\mathrm{~cm}) & 2.0 & 4.0 & 6.0 & 8.0 & 10.0 \\
\hline B(\mathrm{mT}) & 0.406 & 0.250 & 0.181 & 0.141 & 0.116
\end{array}
$$
(a) You think you remember from your physics course that the magnetic field of a wire is inversely proportional to the distance from the wire. Therefore, you expect that the quantity $B x$ from your data will be constant. Calculate $B x$ for each data point in the table. Is $B x$ constant for this set of measurements? Explain. (b) Graph the data as $x$ versus $1 / B$. Explain why such a plot lies close to a straight line. (c) Use the graph in part (b) to calculate the current $I$ in the cable and the radius $R$ of the cable.

Linda Winkler
Linda Winkler
Numerade Educator
19:43

Problem 74

A pair of long, rigid metal rods, each of length $0.50 \mathrm{~m}$, lie parallel to each other on a frictionless table. Their ends are connected by identical, very lightweight conducting springs with unstretched length $l_{0}$ and force constant $k$ (Fig. $\mathbf{P 2 8 . 7 4}$ ). When a current $I$ runs through the circuit consisting of the rods and springs, the springs stretch. You measure the distance $x$ each spring stretches for certain values of $I$. When $I=8.05$ A, you measure that $x=0.40 \mathrm{~cm} .$ When $I=13.1 \mathrm{~A},$ you find $x=0.80 \mathrm{~cm} .$ In both cases the rods are much longer than the stretched springs, so it is accurate to use Eq. (28.11) for two infinitely long, parallel conductors. (a) From these two measurements, calculate $l_{0}$ and $k$. (b) If $I=12.0$ A, what distance $x$ will each spring stretch? (c) What current is required for each spring to stretch $1.00 \mathrm{~cm} ?$

Linda Winkler
Linda Winkler
Numerade Educator
View

Problem 75

A plasma is a gas of ionized (charged) particles. When plasma is in motion, magnetic effects "squeeze" its volume, inducing inward pressure known as a pinch. Consider a cylindrical tube of plasma with radius $R$ and length $L$ moving with velocity $\overrightarrow{\boldsymbol{v}}$ along its axis. If there are $n$ ions per unit volume and each ion has charge $q$, we can determine the pressure felt by the walls of the cylinder. (a) What is the volume charge density $\rho$ in terms of $n$ and $q ?$ (b) The thickness of the cylinder "surface" is $n^{-1 / 3}$. What is the surface charge density $\sigma$ in terms of $n$ and $q ?$ (c) The current density inside the cylinder is $\vec{J}=\rho \overrightarrow{\boldsymbol{v}}$. Use this result along with Ampere's law to determine the magnetic field on the surface of the cylinder. Denote the circumferential unit vector as $\hat{\phi}$. (d) The width of a differential strip of surface current is $R d \phi .$ What is the differential current $d I_{\text {surface }}$ that flows along this strip? (e) What differential force is felt by this strip due to the magnetic field generated by the volume current? (f) Integrate to determine the total force on the walls of the cylinder; then divide by the wall area to obtain the pressure in terms of $n, q, R$, and $v$. (g) If a plasma cylinder with radius $2.0 \mathrm{~cm}$ has a charge density of $8.0 \times 10^{16}$ ions $/ \mathrm{cm}^{3},$ where each ion has a charge of $e=1.6 \times 10^{-19} \mathrm{C}$ and is moving axially with a speed of $20.0 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s},$ what is its pinch pressure?

Lainey Roebuck
Lainey Roebuck
Numerade Educator
17:01

Problem 76

A cylindrical shell with radius $R$ and length $W$ carries a uniform charge $Q$ and rotates about its axis with angular speed $\omega .$ The center of the cylinder lies at the origin $O$ and its axis is coincident with the $x$ -axis, as shown in Fig. $\mathbf{P 2 8 . 7 6 .}$ (a) What is the charge density $\sigma ?$ (b) What is the differential current $d I$ on a circular strip of the cylinder centered at $x$ and with width $d x ?$ (c) Use Eq. (28.15) to write an expression for the differential magnetic field $d \overrightarrow{\boldsymbol{B}}$ at the origin due to this strip.
(d) Integrate to determine the magnetic field at the origin.

Linda Winkler
Linda Winkler
Numerade Educator
19:12

Problem 77

When a rigid charge distribution with charge $Q$ and mass $M$ rotates about an axis, its magnetic moment $\overrightarrow{\boldsymbol{\mu}}$ is linearly proportional to its angular momentum $\overrightarrow{\boldsymbol{L}},$ with $\overrightarrow{\boldsymbol{\mu}}=\gamma \overrightarrow{\boldsymbol{L}} .$ The constant of proportionality $\gamma$ is called the gyromagnetic ratio of the object. We can write $\gamma=g(Q / 2 M),$ where $g$ is a dimensionless number called the $g$ -factor of the object. Consider a spherical shell with mass $M$ and uniformly distributed charge $Q$ centered on the origin $O$ and rotating about the $z$ -axis with angular speed $\omega .$ (a) A thin slice with latitude $\theta$ measured with respect to the positive z-axis describes a current loop with width $R d \theta$ and radius $r=R$ $\sin \theta,$ as shown in Fig. $\mathbf{P} 28.77$
What is the differential current $d I$
carried by this loop, in terms of $Q$. $\omega, R, \theta,$ and $d \theta ?(\mathrm{~b})$ The differential magnetic moment contributed by that slice is $d \mu=A d I,$ where $A=\pi r^{2}$ is the area enclosed by the loop. Express the differential magnetic moment in terms of $Q$, $\omega, R, \theta,$ and $d \theta .$ (c) Integrate over $\theta$ to determine the magnetic moment $\overrightarrow{\boldsymbol{\mu}}$. (d) What is the magnitude of the angular momentum $\overrightarrow{\boldsymbol{L}} ?$
(e) Determine the gyromagnetic ratio $\gamma$. (f) What is the $g$ -factor for a spherical shell?

Linda Winkler
Linda Winkler
Numerade Educator
22:41

Problem 78

The law of Biot and Savart in Eq. ( 28.7 ) generalizes to the case of surface currents as
$$
\overrightarrow{\boldsymbol{B}}=\frac{\mu_{0}}{4 \pi} \int \frac{\sigma \overrightarrow{\boldsymbol{v}} \times \hat{\boldsymbol{r}}}{r^{2}} d a
$$
where $\sigma$ is the local charge density, $\overrightarrow{\boldsymbol{v}}$ is the local velocity, and $d a$ is a differential area element. Re-visit Challenge Problem 28.76 and use the above equation as an alternative means to derive the magnetic field at the center of the cylinder. Use the following steps: (a) Write the charge density $\sigma$. (b) The origin is at the center of the cylinder. What is the vector $\vec{v}$ that points from the element with coordinates $(x, y, z)=(x, R \cos \phi, R \sin \phi)$ to the origin? (c) What is the velocity $\overrightarrow{\boldsymbol{v}}$
of the element? (d) What is the vector product $\overrightarrow{\boldsymbol{v}} \times \hat{\boldsymbol{r}} ?$ (e) An area element on the cylinder may be written as $d a=R d x d \phi .$ Use this and the previously established information to write the generalized law of Biot and Savart as a double integral. Evaluate the integral to determine the magnetic field $\vec{B}$ at the center of the cylinder. (f) Is your result consistent with your result in Challenge Problem $28.76 ?$

Linda Winkler
Linda Winkler
Numerade Educator
14:06

Problem 79

Two long, straight conducting wires with linear mass density $\lambda$ are suspended from cords so that they are each horizontal, parallel to each other, and a distance $d$ apart. The back ends of the wires are connected to each other by a slack, low-resistance connecting wire. A charged capacitor (capacitance $C$ ) is now added to the system; the positive plate of the capacitor (initial charge $+Q_{0}$ ) is connected to the front end of one of the wires, and the negative plate of the capacitor (initial charge $-Q_{0}$ ) is connected to the front end of the other wire (Fig. $\mathbf{P 2 8 . 7 9}$ ). Both of these connections are also made by slack, low-resistance wires. When the connection is made, the wires are pushed aside by the repulsive force between the wires, and each wire has an initial horizontal velocity of magnitude $v_{0}$. Assume that the time constant for the capacitor to discharge is negligible compared to the time it takes for any appreciable displacement in the position of the wires to occur. (a) Show that the initial speed $v_{0}$ of either wire is given by $$
v_{0}=\frac{\mu_{0} Q_{0}^{2}}{4 \pi \lambda R C d}
$$
where $R$ is the total resistance of the circuit. (b) To what height $h$ will each wire rise as a result of the circuit connection?

Linda Winkler
Linda Winkler
Numerade Educator
03:34

Problem 80

A wide, long, insulating belt has a uniform positive charge per unit area $\sigma$ on its upper surface. Rollers at each end move the belt to the right at a constant speed $v .$ Calculate the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field produced by the moving belt at a point just above its surface. (Hint: At points near the surface and far from its edges or ends, the moving belt can be considered to be an infinite current sheet like that in Problem $28.69 .$

Carolyn Shasha
Carolyn Shasha
Numerade Educator
00:52

Problem 81

What current is needed in the wire so that the magnetic field experienced by the bacteria has a magnitude of $150 \mu \mathrm{T} ?$
(a) $0.095 \mathrm{~A}$
(b) $0.12 \mathrm{~A} ;$ (c) $0.30 \mathrm{~A} ;$ (d) $14 \mathrm{~A}$.

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator
02:46

Problem 82

To use a larger sample, the experimenters construct a solenoid that has the same length, type of wire, and loop spacing but twice the diameter of the original. How does the maximum possible magnetic torque on a bacterium in this new solenoid compare with the torque the bacterium would have experienced in the original solenoid? Assume that the currents in the solenoids are the same. The maximum torque in the new solenoid is (a) twice that in the original one; (b) half that in the original one; (c) the same as that in the original one; (d) one-quarter that in the original one.

Carolyn Shasha
Carolyn Shasha
Numerade Educator
01:11

Problem 83

The solenoid is removed from the enclosure and then used in a location where the earth's magnetic field is $50 \mu \mathrm{T}$ and points horizontally. A sample of bacteria is placed in the center of the solenoid, and the same current is applied that produced a magnetic field of $150 \mu \mathrm{T}$ in the lab. Describe the field experienced by the bacteria: The field
(a) is still $150 \mu \mathrm{T} ;$ (b) is now $200 \mu \mathrm{T} ;$ (c) is between 100 and $200 \mu \mathrm{T},$ depending on how the solenoid is oriented; (d) is between 50 and $150 \mu \mathrm{T}$, depending on how the solenoid is oriented.

Salamat Ali
Salamat Ali
Numerade Educator